Phyllocladane in brown coal from Handlová, Slovakia: Isolation and structural characterization     

Anton Zubrik  David Šaman  Soňa Vašíčková  Bernd R.T. Simoneit  L’udmila Turčániová  Michal Lovás  Josef Cvačka 《Organic Geochemistry》2009,40(1):126-134

Aliphatic diterpenes were isolated from brown coal from Handlová, Slovakia, using microwave assisted extraction of mechanically activated coal powder. The parameters of the extraction procedure were optimized to get the target compounds in high yield. The total extract was separated using adsorption chromatography. GC–MS revealed tetracyclic and tricyclic diterpanes in the aliphatic fraction; they were identified as 16α(H)-phyllocladane (83%), isopimarane (11%), 18-norisopimarane (4%), abietane (2%) and fichtelite (<0.1%). It was found that more than 2 g of the most abundant diterpane, 16α(H)-phyllocladane could be extracted from 1 kg of Handlová coal. Because of the scarcity of relevant analytical data, 16α(H)-phyllocladane was thoroughly characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. A complete set of ¹H and ¹³C NMR data is given including their comparison with published values and ab initio calculations. EI mass and IR spectra of 16α(H)-phyllocladane are shown and discussed. Kováts retention indices measured on two common GC stationary phases are also given.  相似文献   

Property rights on genetic resources: economic issues     

Josef Janssen   《Global Environmental Change》1999,9(4):197

Biodiversity loss is one of the major international environmental problems. This paper analyses the question of how the use of genetic and biochemical resources in biotechnological industries might affect biodiversity conservation. It is argued that the answer will significantly depend on the concrete regimes of property rights on genetic resources and related biotechnological knowledge. One of the main conclusions derivable from this analysis is that a tightening of intellectual property rights may either aggravate biodiversity loss or strengthen biodiversity conservation, depending on various conditions. This result has interesting parallels to the results of second best theory. Furthermore it sheds new light on the debate regarding the relationship between the WTO Agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPs) and biodiversity loss.  相似文献   

Vegetation re-establishment in polar "lichen-kill" landscapes: a case study of the Little Ice Age impact   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Esther Lévesque  Josef Svoboda 《Polar research》1999,18(2):221-228

It has been accepted that the extremely sparse vegetation currently observed in Canadian polar deserts is due to prevailing unfavourable climatic conditions, inhibiting plant establishment, growth and survival. Less considered in the literature is the additional antagonistic factor of episodic adverse climatic anomalies. Such was the most recent Little Ice Age (LIA) cooling which caused a setback to, or even largescale extinction of, high Arctic plant communities that had taken centuries to develop. The LIA brought about new glacial advances, expansion of permanent snow banks and formation of ice crusts over entire landscapes. The newly formed ice (and snow) killed the underlying vegetation, thus creating what is in the geological literature referred to as "lichen-kill zones." In these zones the current plant diversity and abundance are exceedingly low and the plants are all relatively young and even-aged, factors which all point to their recent origin. Here we maintain that this vegetation has not yet reached equilibrium with the present prevailing climate and that it is still in an initial stage of succession. We present results of eight upland sites sampled in the vicinity of Alexandra Fiord Lowland, Ellesmere Island, Canada, to demonstrate the slow recolonization process that has been occurring within the last 100–150 years after the LIA termination. The widespread presence of the "lichen-kill" zones throughout the Canadian polar regions reflects the extent and destructive nature of even minor climatic cooling on vulnerable polar ecosystems.  相似文献   

Effect of thickness variation on collapse pressure of seamless pipes     

Fuat Kara  Josef Navarro  Robert L. Allwood 《Ocean Engineering》2010,37(11-12):998-1006

The present paper is concerned with determining the effect of thickness variation on collapse pressure of seamless pipes. There exists extensive information on the effects external pressure has on pipelines. A substantial amount of literature deals with results of analysis, numerical modelling and testing of pipes those are gradually subject to external pressure. This knowledge has been incorporated into standards which are intended for designing linepipe operating in deepwater locations. One such example is the DNV-OS-101 (DNV, 2007) Submarine Pipeline Systems standard. This code only addresses pipes with a nominally uniform wall thickness making it inadequate for designing seamless pipe which is prone to thickness variation arising from the manufacturing process. The DNV (2007) code effectively ignores the problem as it simply provides a vague statement regarding a conservative value of wall thickness that should be used in the design calculations.The present paper uses finite element analysis (FAE) modelling to predict the external pressure acting on the pipes. The present paper explains the manner in which FEA models will be used to study the effect wall thickness variation will have on the pressure at which the pipe will collapse. An improvement to the DNV (2007) code is then suggested by interpreting the results of the FEA models. The case study that follows provides insight on the savings the improved method is projected to offer.  相似文献   

从国际治湖经验探讨太湖富营养化的治理   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

虞孝感  Josef Nipper  燕乃玲 《地理学报》2007,62(9):899-906

湖泊富营养化已经成为影响湖泊流域社会经济可持续发展的因素之一,应该充分认识目前我国湖泊富营养化问题的普遍性以及解决问题的迫切性。从国际湖泊富营养化治理的经验看,有效地控制面源和点源污染仍然是湖泊富营养化治理的重要前提;颁布严格的保护水资源的法律,确保饮用水安全是重中之重;应建立全流域统一的水资源保护合作机制,特别是注重把流域综合管理的思想引入湖泊富营养化治理;制定长期的湖泊富营养化治理计划, 细化具体的阶段治理目标。坚持湖泊治理的方向,不能放弃太湖的治理。  相似文献   

Rapakivifeldspäte in moldanubischen Graniten     

Josef Riederer 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1966,11(1-2):29-40

Zusammenfassung In drei Graniten des ostbayerischen Moldanubikums (Naabgranit, Neunburger Granit, Kristallgranit II) sind die Kalifeldspäte häufig von einem Plagioklassaum umgeben. Der Kalifeldspat ist stets Orthoklas, der Plagioklas des Saumes ist Oligoklas. Der Kalifeldspat wird im magmatischen Stadium ummantelt. Die Ummantelung erfolgt auch noch zu dem Zeitpunkt, als die Kristallisation des Hauptquarzes einsetzt, der anfangs vom Plagioklassaum als Tropfenquarz umschlossen wird. Am Ende des magmatischen Stadiums wird der Plagioklassaum vom Kalifeldspatkern verdrängt, wodurch die ovale Form des Kernes entsteht. Im deuterischen Stadium bilden sich im Kalifeldspat und an der Grenze von Kern und Saum des Rapakivifeldspates Langquarze, während im Kalifeldspat Girlandenquarze entstehen. Die Serizitisierung und Einlagerung feiner Hämatitschuppen am Ende des deuterischen Stadiums bewirkt eine intensive Rotfärbung der Plagioklase.

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Summary In three granites of the moldanubic region of Eastern Bavaria, potash feldspars frequently are mantled by plagioclase. Potash feldspars always appears as orthoclase and the plagioclase of the mantle is oligoclase. Potash feldspar is mantled in the magmatic stage of the crystallisation of granite. The mantling proceeds when the crystallisation of the main-quartz begins. Main-quartz first is enclosed by the plagioclase mantle as drop-quartz. At the end of the magmatic stage the plagioclase mantle is replaced by the potash of the nucleus, by which the oval form of the nucleus is caused. In the deuteric stage longquartzes appear in plagioclase and at the contact of plagioclase and potash feldspar. In the potash feldspar deuteric quartz has the form of garlandquartz. At the end of the deuteric stage clouding and the introduction of haematite cause the red colour of the plagioclase-mantles.

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The seasonal cycle of mixed layer temperatures in a global ocean general circulation model     

Josef Y. Cherniawsky  Josef M. Oberhuber 《Climate Dynamics》1996,12(3):171-183

We examine mixed layer temperatures in a global ocean general circulation model subjected to seasonally varying climatological forcing. Harmonic analysis of monthly mixed layer temperatures and climatological sea surface temperatures (SSTs) shows that, on the average, the annual harmonic accounts for 90% of the total seasonal variance in both fields, while the semiannual harmonic accounts for about 8%. The semiannual signal is mostly confined to equatorial and high-latitude regions. The model mixed layer temperatures underestimate the mean amplitude of the annual harmonic in middle latitudes (65°||10°) by about 26%, while lagging climatological SSTs by 22 days, on average. In several parameter sensitivity experiments, these differences could be reduced to as little as 12% and 12.5 days, respectively, though most of this gain occurred when the mixed layer was unrealistically shallow (mean depth less than 65 m). At least part of the differences in amplitudes and phases of the annual harmonic is linked to the uncoupled formulation of the surface heat flux, which is computed using specified and seasonally varying climatological air temperatures. In ice-free areas, seasonal amplitudes and phases of air temperatures are almost identical to those of climatological SSTs. Thus, differences between model mixed layer temperatures and climatological SSTs give rise to Newtonian relaxation to SSTs, which then leads to amplitude damping and time lags in mixed layer temperatures relative to the SSTs.  相似文献   

Surface studies of asteroids with the Faint Object Camera of the Space Telescope     

Hans Josef Schober  Rudolf Albrecht 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1980,22(2):175-175

Minor planets have been observed in the last few years for physical properties using photometry, polarimetry and IR-radiometry. Using the Faint Object Camera (FOC) of the Space Telescope (ST) it will be possible for the first time to observe a large number of asteroids with direct imaging systems.We propose to use the FOC with high resolution mode to examine minor planets with respect to (a) diameters and shapes, (b) surface and detail studies, (c) densities and (d) possible binary nature of selected asteroids.Paper presented at the European Workshop on Planetary Sciences, organised by the Laboratorio di Astrofisica Spaziale di Frascati, and held between April 23–27, 1979, at the Accademia Nazionale del Lincei in Rome, Italy.  相似文献   

Aerosol Particle Scavenging by Fog and Haze Droplets     

Josef Podzimek 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1998,42(4):540-560

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Surface studies of asteroids from earthbound observations     

Hans Josef Schober  Franco Scaltriti  Vincenco Zappalà 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1980,22(2):167-174

The angular diameter of minor planets compared with best observation conditions of about one arcsec (seeing) at ground-based observatories, though situated at high sea levels with best climate conditions, usually is too small to be resolved for surface studies or diameter determinations with direct photographic or similar imaging methods.Nevertheless the rough geometry and/or small scale structures on the asteroid's surface can be studied with light-curve observations using high precision photoelectric photometry and the fact that the rotation of an asteroid during a spin period is now determined for slightly more than 200 minor planets.On only a few selected asteroids (63 Ausonia, 88 Thisbe, 92 Undina, 110 Lydia, 118 Peitho, 128 Nemesis, 139 Juewa, 337 Devosa and 599 Luisa) do we show, from details detected in the light-curves, how observations of this type were carried out successfully. From the small scale features we get the rough linear extensions on the asteroid surface from differences in magnitude and time. Such observations will be more useful and important in future with respect to an optimum selection of objects for a possible direct asteroid spacecraft mission.Paper presented at the European Workshop on Planetary Sciences, organised by the Laboratorio di Astrofisica Spaziale di Frascati, and held between April 23–27, 1979, at the Accademia Nazionale del Lincei in Rome, Italy.Visiting Astronomer, Kitt Peak National Observatory, USA, Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy Inc., under contract with the National Science Foundation. A part of the observations was carried out at the Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP), France.  相似文献