Solar Models with Dynamic Screening and Early Mass Loss Tested by Helioseismic,Astrophysical, and Planetary Constraints     

Suzannah R. Wood  Katie Mussack  Joyce A. Guzik 《Solar physics》2018,293(7):111

The faint young Sun paradox remains an open question. Presented here is one possible solution to this apparent inconsistency, a more massive early Sun. Based on the conditions on early Earth and Mars, a luminosity constraint is set as a function of mass. We examine helioseismic constraints of these alternative mass-losing models. Additionally, we explore a dynamic electron screening correction in an effort to improve helioseismic agreement in the core of the early mass-losing model.  相似文献   

Endocrine-disrupting phenols in selected rivers and bays in the Philippines     

Santiago EC  Kwan CS 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(7):1036-1046

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Sea level and paleotemperature records from a mid-Holocene reef on the North coast of Java, Indonesia     

Karem Azmy  Evan Edinger  Joyce Lundberg  Wilfredo Diegor 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2010,99(1):231-244

Mid-Holocene age fossil-fringing reefs occur along the tectonically stable north coast of Java, Indonesia, presenting an opportunity for sea level and paleoclimate reconstruction. The fossil reef at Point Teluk Awur, near Jepara, Central Java, contains two directly superposed horizons of Porites lobata microatolls. Corals in the lower horizon, 80 cm above modern sea level, yielded Uranium series dates of 7090 ± 90 year BP, while corals in the upper horizon at 1.5 m grew at 6960 ± 60 year BP. These dates match the transgressive phase of regional sea-level curves, but suggest a mid-Holocene highstand somewhat older than that recorded on mid-Pacific islands. Paleotemperature was calibrated using Sr/Ca and δ¹⁸O values of a modern P. lobata coral and the locally measured sea surface temperature (SST), yielding SST–Sr/Ca and SST–δ¹⁸O calibration equations [T _Sr/Ca = 91.03–7.35(Sr/Ca) and T_{d¹⁸ \textO} T_{{\delta^{18} {\text{O}}}}  = −3.77 to −5.52(δ¹⁸O)]. The application of the local equations to Sr/Ca and δ¹⁸O measurements on these corals yielded a range of temperatures of 28.8 ± 1.7°C, comparable to that of the modern Java Sea (28.4 ± 0.7°C). A paleo-salinometer [Δδ¹⁸O = ∂δ¹⁸O/∂T ( T_{d¹⁸ \textO} T_{{\delta^{18} {\text{O}}}}  − T _Sr/Ca)], re-calculated using the local parameters, also suggests Java Sea mid-Holocene paleosalinity similar to modern values.  相似文献   

Association of specific organic matter compounds in size fractions of soils under different environmental controls     

Joyce S. ClementeAndre J. Simpson  Myrna J. Simpson 《Organic Geochemistry》2011,42(10):1169-1180

Inherent chemical recalcitrance and association of organic matter (OM) with minerals are mechanisms responsible for the long term preservation of OM in soils. The structural characteristics of OM are also believed to control specific interactions between OM and soil minerals. However, the extent of the relationship between recalcitrance and mineral protection and the specificity of these chemically driven interactions are not clearly understood at the molecular level. To measure chemical patterns of OM sequestration in sand-, silt-, clay-size and light fractions, we analyzed three soils, which mainly differed in carbon content and overlying vegetation, but have similar clay mineralogy, using biomarker analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Despite differences in environmental controls, long chain aliphatic compounds generally accumulated in the fine fractions of all soils. This accumulation is likely due to the strong interaction between recalcitrant forms of OM and soil minerals. For example, polymethylene and >C₂₀ organic acids accumulated in fine fractions, while lignin-derived phenols were protected from oxidation in silt-size fractions. Diffusion edited solution state ¹H NMR suggested that contributions from microbial-derived OM was greater in finer fractions, which is likely due to the accumulation of microbial-derived compounds or higher microbial activity in clay micro-sites. Our data suggest that, for these Prairie soils, the specific structure of OM and not environmental factors is responsible for long term preservation of OM in mineral fractions. Further research is necessary to understand the interplay between these preservation mechanisms such that the long term fate of OM can be further elucidated.  相似文献   

Sonochemical degradation of endocrine disrupting chemicals 17β-estradiol and 17α-ethinylestradiol in water and wastewater   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

A. O. Ifelebuegu  J. Onubogu  E. Joyce  T. Mason 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2014,11(1):1-8

The sonochemical degradation of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) in water and wastewater was investigated at ultrasonic frequency of 850 kHz. The effects of pH, initial concentrations, temperature, power and dissolved organic carbon were examined. The results obtained indicated that the rate of ultrasonic degradation of E2 and EE2 in water and wastewater is influenced by the pH, power, air sparging and the dissolved organic content of the aqueous solutions. Mass degradation rates of E2 and EE2 per kW ranged from 1.7 to 4.0 mg kW^?1 at varying process parameters. The degradation process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with rate constant of 1.71 × 10^?2 min^?1 at 25 °C. The value for activation energy (E _a = 15.21 kJ mol^?1) obtained from Arrhenius-type plot, indicated that the ultrasonic degradation of steroid hormones is thermodynamically feasible, and does not progress only on radical reactions but other intermediate reaction processes. In wastewater, the higher dissolved organic carbon significantly reduced the effectiveness of degradation of the E2 and EE2 showing that ultrasound treatment will be more effective as a tertiary treatment option in wastewater applications.  相似文献   

Metal enrichment in the groundwater of the arid environment in South Africa     

Tamiru Abiye  Joyce Leshomo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(11):4587-4598

This paper presents the enrichment tendency and spatial distribution of metals in the groundwater which is pumped out from the granitic aquifers in South Africa. Groundwater is the sole source of water supply for the local community in the study area (Namaqualand), and hence, it was necessary to understand the controlling geochemical processes and interrelationship of metals in the groundwater. The geochemical association of metals has been assessed based on the geostatistical methods. The results show that geochemical processes such as oxidation, leaching, and evaporation besides water–rock interaction are very important in controlling metal enrichment in the groundwater from highly mineralized rocks. The metal enrichment index for selected toxic metals in groundwater increases in the order of Cd > U > Cr > Pb. The observed enrichment trend could be considered as a result of mineralization of basement rocks which is facilitated by active geochemical process in the arid environment. The lack of aquifer flushing due to negligible recharge helps the metals to concentrate at shallow groundwater zones supported by severe evaporation process.  相似文献   

A methodology to constrain the parameters of a hydrogeological discrete fracture network model for sparsely fractured crystalline rock,exemplified by data from the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository site at Forsmark,Sweden   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Sven Follin  Lee Hartley  Ingvar Rhén  Peter Jackson  Steven Joyce  David Roberts  Ben Swift 《Hydrogeology Journal》2014,22(2):313-331

The large-scale geological structure of the crystalline rock at the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository site at Forsmark, Sweden, has been classified in terms of deformation zones of elevated fracture frequency. The rock between deformation zones was divided into fracture domains according to fracture frequency. A methodology to constrain the geometric and hydraulic parameters that define a discrete fracture network (DFN) model for each fracture domain is presented. The methodology is based on flow logging and down-hole imaging in cored boreholes in combination with DFN realizations, fracture connectivity analysis and pumping test simulations. The simulations suggest that a good match could be obtained for a power law size distribution where the value of the location parameter equals the borehole radius but with different values for the shape parameter, depending on fracture domain and fracture set. Fractures around 10–100 m in size are the ones that typically form the connected network, giving inflows in the simulations. The report also addresses the issue of up-scaling of DFN properties to equivalent continuous porous medium (ECPM) bulk flow properties. Comparisons with double-packer injection tests provide confidence that the derived DFN formulation of detailed flows within individual fractures is also suited to simulating mean bulk flow properties and their spatial variability.  相似文献   

Mapping and monitoring geological hazards using optical,LiDAR, and synthetic aperture RADAR image data     

K. E. Joyce  S. V. Samsonov  S. R. Levick  J. Engelbrecht  S. Belliss 《Natural Hazards》2014,73(2):137-163

Geological hazards and their effects are often geographically widespread. Consequently, their effective mapping and monitoring is best conducted using satellite and airborne imaging platforms to obtain broad scale, synoptic coverage. With a multitude of hazards and effects, potential data types, and processing techniques, it can be challenging to determine the best approach for mapping and monitoring. It is therefore critical to understand the spatial and temporal effects of any particular hazard on the environment before selecting the most appropriate data type/s and processing techniques to apply. This review is designed to assist the decision-making and selection process when embarking on a hazard mapping or monitoring exercise. It focuses on the application of optical, LiDAR, and synthetic aperture RADAR technologies for the assessment of pre-event risk and post-event damage. Geological hazards of global interest summarized here are landslides and erosion; seismic and tectonic hazards; ground subsidence; and flooding and tsunami.  相似文献   

Assessment of flood mitigation through riparian detention in response to a changing climate – a case study     

Kwan Tun Lee  Pin-Chun Huang 《Journal of Earth System Science》2018,127(6):83

Considering that urban areas may suffer more substantial losses than riparian farmlands during floods, diverting floodwater into riparian areas for temporal detention is expected to mitigate flood damage in downstream urban areas. In this study, an assessment has been conducted to evaluate the effect of flood mitigation through riparian detention in response to a changing climate in the Tou-Chien River basin of Taiwan. An integrated 1D–2D flow model was used to simulate the movement of flood wave in the main stream and the overbank flow inundating into the nearby lowlands. Based on the numerical simulation results, the flooding extents in the basin corresponding to different return periods of flood using existing flood prevention infrastructures were investigated. A detention strategy by lowering the levee along the riparian farmlands was proposed to avoid severe flooding in the densely populated urban areas of the basin. Research findings showed that the proposed detention measure can completely protect the downstream areas from overbank flooding when a flood having 20-yr period occurs, and can effectively alleviate the downstream flooding area from 27.4 to \(7.6\,\hbox {km}^{2}\) for a flood possessing 200-yr period.  相似文献   

Potential Orthopyroxene,Clinopyroxene and Olivine Reference Materials for In Situ Lithium Isotope Determination   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Ben‐Xun Su  Xiao‐Yan Gu  Etienne Deloule  Hong‐Fu Zhang  Qiu‐Li Li  Xian‐Hua Li  Nathalie Vigier  Yan‐Jie Tang  Guo‐Qiang Tang  Yu Liu  Kwan‐Nang Pang  Aaron Brewer  Qian Mao  Yu‐Guang Ma 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2015,39(3):357-369

Over 1400 electron probe and 700 ion probe microanalyses were performed on eleven mineral separates to evaluate their potential as reference materials for in situ Li isotopic determination. Our results suggest the homogenous distributions of major elements, Li and its isotopes for each sample. Hence, these samples are suitable to be used as reference materials for in situ measurements of Li abundance and Li isotopes by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) or laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). These samples have the advantage of mitigating probable matrix effects during calibration owing to the wide range of compositions. The effect of composition on the δ⁷Li of olivine measured by SIMS is a linear function of composition, with δ⁷Li increasing by 1.0‰ for each mole per cent decrease in forsterite component.  相似文献