Designation processes for marine protected areas in the coastal wetlands of South Korea     

Jungho Nam  Jongseong Ryu  David Fluharty  Chul-hwan Koh  Karen Dyson  Won Keun Chang  Hee-Jung Choi  Daeseok Kang  Jong Seong Khim  Chang-Hee Lee 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2010,53(11):703-710

The history of Korean tidal flat management and the process for designating Coastal Wetland Protected Areas (CWPAs) are described. Korean coastal wetlands have a long history of intensive use through reclamation for agricultural and industrial uses in the 20th century. Recently, the management policy is shifting away from intensive use towards the conservation of wetlands. This shift is caused by increasing public awareness of the value of wetlands and strong institutional support from the government. Since the Wetlands Conservation Act was passed in 1999, a total of twelve CWPAs have been designated through both top-down and bottom-up processes. Three designation paths are classified based on the relevant drivers, namely government-driven designations (seven CWPAs), local community driven designations (three CWPAs), and conflict resolution (trade-offs) driven designation (two CWPAs). The lessons learned from the designation of Korean CWPAs is that diversification of designation process could facilitate voluntary participation of local stakeholders and thereby enhance the chance of successful implementation of wise use strategy of tidal flats.  相似文献   

Annual estimates of water and solute export from 42 tributaries to the Yukon River     

Zanden A. Frederick  Suzanne P. Anderson  Robert G. Striegl 《水文研究》2012,26(13):1949-1961

Annual export of 11 major and trace solutes for the Yukon River is found to be accurately determined based on summing 42 tributary contributions. These findings provide the first published estimates of tributary specific distribution of solutes within the Yukon River basin. First, we show that annual discharge of the Yukon River can be computed by summing calculated annual discharges from 42 tributaries. Annual discharge for the tributaries is calculated from the basin area and average annual precipitation over that area using a previously published regional regression equation. Based on tributary inputs, we estimate an average annual discharge for the Yukon River of 210 km³ year^–1. This value is within 1% of the average measured annual discharge at the U.S. Geological Survey gaging station near the river terminus at Pilot Station, AK, for water years 2001 through 2005. Next, annual loads for 11 solutes are determined by combining annual discharge with point measurements of solute concentrations in tributary river water. Based on the sum of solutes in tributary water, we find that the Yukon River discharges approximately 33 million metric tons of dissolved solids each year at Pilot Station. Discharged solutes are dominated by cations calcium and magnesium (5.65 × 10⁹ and 1.42 × 10⁹ g year^–1) and anions bicarbonate and sulphate (17.3 × 10⁹ and 5.40 × 10⁹ g year^–1). These loads compare well with loads calculated independently at the three continuous gaging stations along the Yukon River. These findings show how annual solute yields vary throughout a major subarctic river basin and that accurate estimates of total river export can be determined from calculated tributary contributions. Copyright © 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.  相似文献   

Analytic element modelling for strip aquifers     

José Anderson N. Batista  Edson Wendland  Harry E. Schulz 《水文研究》2012,26(8):1254-1262

The Analytic Element Method (AEM) provides a convenient tool for groundwater flow analysis in unbounded continuous domains. The AEM is based on the superposition of analytic functions, known as elements, useful at both regional and local scales. In this study, analytic elements for strip aquifers are presented. Such aquifers occur in riverine or coastal deposits and in outcrop zones of confined aquifers. Local flow field is modelled indirectly, using a reference plane related to the aquifer domain through the Schwarz‐Christoffel transform. The regional flow is obtained as a solution of the one‐dimensional flow equation. The proposed methodology was tested by modelling two hypothetical situations, which were compared to exact solutions. It is shown that regional boundaries can be reproduced exactly while local fields are adequately reproduced with analytic elements. The developed elements are applied to simulate a real flow field in northeastern Brazil showing good agreement with measured water levels. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Formulation of the thermodynamic functions for mantle minerals: MgO as an example     

Orson L. Anderson  Keshan Zou 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1989,16(7):642-648

The formulas for thermodynamic functions for minerals are presented, couched in terms of the important thermodynamic variable K_T= (P/T)_v, where is the volume thermal expansivity and K_T is the isothermal bulk modulus. Presenting the formulas in this way leads to simplification since K_T as a product varies only slightly with volume, and is close to being independent of temperature at high temperature. Using our equations, we present as examples some computed data in the form of graphs on the entropy, internal energy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy in the high temperature regime (up to 2000 K) and for high compression (up to 0.7), for MgO. For entropy, knowledge of the V, T dependence of K_T is sufficient. For enthalpy and internal energy, the equation of state is needed in addition.  相似文献   

Measured elastic moduli of single-crystal MgO up to 1800 K     

Donald G. Isaak  Orson L. Anderson  Takayasu Goto 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1989,16(7):704-713

Using the rectangular parallelepiped resonance method we measured the temperature dependence of the adiabatic elastic moduli of single-crystal MgO over the temperature range 300–1800 K. The high temperature limit of our measurements extends by 500 K the upper limit over which elasticity data on MgO are now available. Although our measured temperature dependence of C _ij ^s are generally in good agreement with previous measurements over a more narrow range in temperature, we found that C ₄₄ ^s decreases more rapidly with temperature, for T > 1000 K, than previous studies suggest. We also found that each of the slopes (?C ₁₁ ^s /?T)_p, (?K_s/?T)_p, and (C ₄₄ ^s /?T)_p become less negative with increasing temperature for T > 1400 K. From our measurements on elasticity we are able to confirm that the Grüneisen parameter at zero pressure is nearly constant with temperature up to 1800 K, with only a slight decrease above 1000 K. Utilizing our new data we present calculations showing the temperature dependence of thermodynamic parameters important in studies of earth's interior.  相似文献   

Role of Interceptor Ditches in Limiting the Spread of Contaminants in Ground Water   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. Zheng  K. R. Bradbury  M. P. Anderson 《Ground water》1988,26(6):734-742

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A 35,000 Year Vegetation and Climate History from Potato Lake, Mogollon Rim, Arizona     

R. Scott Anderson 《Quaternary Research》1993,40(3)

A new record from Potato Lake, central Arizona, details vegetation and climate changes since the mid-Wisconsin for the southern Colorado Plateau. Recovery of a longer record, discrimination of pine pollen to species groups, and identification of macrofossil remains extend Whiteside's (1965) original study. During the mid-Wisconsin (ca. 35,000-21,000 yr B.P.) a mixed forest of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) and other conifers grew at the site, suggesting a minimum elevational vegetation depression of ca. 460 m. Summer temperatures were as much as 5°C cooler than today. During the late Wisconsin (ca. 21,000-10,400 yr B.P.), even-cooler temperatures (7°C colder than today; ca. 800 m depression) allowed Engelmann spruce alone to predominate. Warming by ca. 10,400 yr B.P. led to the establishment of the modern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest. Thus, the mid-Wisconsin was not warm enough to support ponderosa pine forests in regions where the species predominates today. Climatic estimates presented here are consistent with other lines of evidence suggesting a cool and/or wet mid-Wisconsin, and a cold and/or wet late-Wisconsin climate for much of the Southwest. Potato Lake was almost completely dry during the mid-Holocene, but lake levels increased to near modern conditions by ca. 3000 yr B.P.  相似文献   

Should Women Count? A Context for the Debate*     

Doreen J. Mattingly  Karen Falconer-Al-Hindi 《The Professional geographer》1995,47(4):427-435

Much recent feminist geographical scholarship emphasizes the utility of qualitative research methods; yet, a significant proportion of feminist research in geography is quantitative. Geographers' engagement with the ideas of feminist theorists has shed new light on the relationship between epistemology, methodology, and objectivity, which in turn has facilitated a reexamination of feminist uses of quantification. In providing a context for the debate over quantitative and qualitative methods, we argue that each has a place in feminist geographical research.  相似文献   

World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology at the NOAA Paleoclimatology Program,Boulder, CO     

Robert S. Webb  Jonathan T. Overpeck  David M. Anderson  Bruce A. Bauer  Mildred K. England  Wendy S. Gross  E. Ann Meyers  Michael M. Worobec 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1993,9(1):69-75

Conclusion The World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology, located in the NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, is committed to providing the scientific community with easy access to all paleoenvironmental data. Efforts to make archived data readily available include international coordination of data acquisition, management, and distribution, sponsoring workshops and data cooperatives to facilitate the compilation of important data sets, development of a browse and visualization software package (PaleoVu), and dispersal of archived data on magnetic media or over ANONYMOUS FTP/INTERNET. The program publishes a semi-annual newsletter that highlights latest developments and accomplishments in the area of paleoenvironmental data for global change research. Contributions to the newsletter are welcome from researchers describing their efforts to coordinate the free flow of paleoclimate data throughout the international scientific community.For information on the program or to be added to the mailing list contact Mrs Mildred England (phone: 303-497-6227; Fax: 303 497-6513; e-mail: MKE@mail.ngdc.noaa.gov), NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, Paleoclimatology Program/World Data Center-A for Paleoclimatology, 325 Broadway, E/GC Boulder, CO 80303 USA  相似文献   

Focal mechanisms of large earthquakes in the South Island of New Zealand: implications for the accommodation of Pacific-Australia plate motion     

Helen Anderson  Terry Webb  James Jackson 《Geophysical Journal International》1993,115(3):1032-1054

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