Amino acid racemization dating of fossil bones,I. inter-laboratory comparison of racemization measurements     

Jeffrey L. Bada  E. Hoopes  D. Darling  Graham Dungworth  Henk J. Kessels  Keith A. Kvenvolden  David J. Blunt 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1979,43(2):265-268

Enantiomeric measurements for aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and alanine in twenty-one different fossil bone samples have been carried out by three different laboratories using different analytical methods. These inter-laboratory comparisons demonstrate that D/L aspartic acid measurements are highly reproducible, whereas the enantiomeric measurements for the other amino acids show a wide variation between the three laboratories. At present, aspartic acid measurements are the most suitable for racemization dating of bone because of their superior analytical precision.  相似文献   

A novel charge-transfer polymer for separating hydrocarbon fractions of crude oils     

Keith C.C. Bancroft  Susan B. Kendall  Michael M. Rhead  Gerard Hentic 《Marine pollution bulletin》1979,10(8):238-239

Hydrocarbon fractions in crude oil were separated by a new charge-transfer polymer in place of silver ions in Argentation TLC. The charge-transfer plates are cheaper than their silver nitrate equivalents, do not discolour, and store well. The polymer/silica gel mix can be re-used.  相似文献   

Fore-arc evolution and continental growth: a general model     

Keith A.W Crook 《Journal of Structural Geology》1980,2(3):289-303

The extended evolution of fore-arc regions which leads to their eventual incorporation into stable kratonic continental crust is elucidated by a general model based upon observations from the modern circum-Pacific and the Palaeozoic Tasman Geosyncline.Fore-arc regions widen during subduction in the manner described by Karig & Sharman (1975). Their history, after subduction has ceased, depends upon the thickness of the accretionary prism formed during subduction. Where the prism is thick (ca. 20 km) kratonization is a single-step process. The fore-arc region remains above sea-level; post-arc silicic volcanics accumulate due to granitoid plutonism, the magmas being derived by melting of the subduction complex and from the oceanic lithosphere trapped beneath it. The volcanic arc subsides, becoming the site of a fore-deep.Intermediate-thickness accretionary prisms (ca. 16 km) are kratonized in a two-step process. They remain at shelf depths, while their associated volcanic arcs sink to comparable depths. Both acquire a post-arc shallow marine sequence of typical platform-cover facies. They are then deformed and intruded by granitoids when the crust attains critical thickness (ca. 20 km).Thin accretionary prisms (≤ 12 km) require a three-step process for kratonization. They and their associated arcs sink to bathyal depths. They are overwhelmed by prograding post-arc flysch deposits of continental origin. Deformation of the post-arc flysch and plutonism occur when critical crustal thickness (ca. 20 km) is attained. A transitional tectonic regime ensues, with molasse-like transitional basins preferentially sited over the extinct volcanic arcs and the thinner parts of buried accretionary prisms.The model satisfactorily explains the Late Proterozoic-Palaeozoic evolution of southeast Australia, where a 1000 km wide tract of continental crust was accreted to the Australian Kraton in 250–300 Ma, beginning as a S.W. Pacific-type oceanic terrain. It has been found useful for interpreting geosynclinal terrains in other continents.According to the model, the dynamic processes that contribute to kratonization are systematically causally connected. Kratonization is a unified, internally deterministic and self-sustaining phenomenon. The model has implications for the origin, ‘stratigraphy’ and composition of upper and lower continental crust; the origins and tectonic settings of ophiolites, granitoids, paired metamorphic belts and transitional basins; and for the nature and causes of orogenesis.  相似文献   

A Spectrum-Independent Procedure for Correcting Eddy Fluxes Measured with Separated Sensors   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Johannes Laubach  Keith G. McNAUGHTON 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1998,89(3):445-467

We investigate flux underestimates in eddy correlation measurements that are caused by horizontal separation of the sensors. A common eddy correlation setup consists of a sonic anemometer and a humidity sensor which, because of its bulk, must be placed some distance away from the sonic path, leading to a flux loss (of latent heat). Utilizing an additional fast temperature sensor placed near the humidity sensor, we develop a procedure for correcting for this loss. The procedure simultaneously corrects the sensible heat flux for the difference between true temperature and sonic temperature. Our correction procedure, which does not depend on the shape of the cospectrum, is then compared to the widely-used procedure following Moore (1986), which assumes a cospectral model ('Kansas Model). Both correction methods are applied to data collected within the internal boundary layer over a rice paddy, downwind of arid land. Under conditions of good fetch, they were found to agree well. Under poor fetch conditions, the model-based correction tended to be too small, while the spectrum-independent combined correction was robust. The latter is thus recommended for situations where the cospectral shape can be expected to deviate from the 'Kansas shape.  相似文献   

Rare earth element geochemistry of potassic lavas from the Birunga and Toro-Ankole regions of Uganda,Africa     

Roger H. Mitchell  Keith Bell 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1976,58(3):293-303

Neutron activation determination of La, Ce, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Ta, Hf, Sc, Co and Th in potassic lavas from the Birunga and Toro-Ankole regions show that the rocks are characterized by high rare earth element (REE) contents (161–754 ppm) and form two groups based upon differing La/Yb ratios. One group is made up of katungite, ugandite and mafurite with La/Yb =146–312, and the other of rocks of the leucitite and phonolitic tephrite series, La/Yb =30–56. The trace element content of the ugandite group is similar to that of kimberlites. The data do not indicate any trends of differentiation or simple relationships between the two groups of rocks, although katungite is unlikely to be parental to rocks of lower La/Yb ratios. It is unlikely that in terms of La/Yb ratios that partial melting of mica-garnet-lherzolite mantle can form katungite because of the very small amounts of partial melting required (0.2%), although the La/Yb ratios of 150–200 (ugandites, mafurites) and 30–60 (leucitites, phonolitic tephrites) can be accounted for by 0.3–1.5% and 1–9% melting respectively, if the REE are then concentrated without further La and Yb fractionation. Partial melting of mantle which has been metasomatized by alkaline earths and REE bearing fluids or mixing of carbonatite and nephelenite are also compatable with the observed geochemistry of the lavas. It is considered that gas transfer processes which selectively enrich the light REE may have obscured REE evidence pertaining to early partial melting and/or differentiation processes and therefore that REE geochemistry is of little use in determining the petrogenetic processes involved in the formation of potassic lavas.  相似文献   

Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Origins of Life—Chemistry and Radioastronomy: edited by Lynn Margulis. Springer-Verlag,New York (1973) 291 pp, $17.20     

Keith A. Kvenvolden 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1974,38(5):808

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Carbon and sulfur in the Swaziland sequence     

Carleton B Moore  Charles F Lewis  Keith A Kvenvolden 《Precambrian Research》1974,1(1):49-54

Sedimentary and igneous rocks of the Swaziland Sequence of South Africa (>3,200 my. old) contain total carbon (0.09–8.28%), organic carbon (0.04–1.95%) and sulfur (9–53,000 ppm). Amounts of organic carbon are generally high in the lower part of the Sequence (based on two samples from the Theespruit Formation). Sulfur content varies widely with no obvious correlations or trends. These rocks may contain clues to the early carbon and sulfur cycles on earth.  相似文献   

A discrete particle representation of hillslope hydrology: hypothesis testing in reproducing a tracer experiment at Gårdsjön,Sweden     

Jessica Davies  Keith Beven  Lars Nyberg  Allan Rodhe 《水文研究》2011,25(23):3602-3612

Despite the long history of the continuum equation approach in hydrology, it is not a necessary approach to the formulation of a physically based representation of hillslope hydrology. The Multiple Interacting Pathways (MIPs) model is a discrete realization that allows hillslope response and transport to be simultaneously explored in a way that reflects the potential occurrence of preferential flows and lengths of pathways. The MIPs model uses random particle tracking methods to represent the flow of water within the subsurface alongside velocity distributions that acknowledge preferential flows and transition probability matrices, which control flow pathways. An initial realization of this model is presented here in application to a tracer experiment carried out in Gårdsjön, Sweden. The model is used as an exploratory tool, testing several hypotheses in relation to this experiment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Environmental controls on phytoplankton community composition in the Thames plume, U.K.   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Keith Weston  Naomi Greenwood  Liam Fernand  David J. Pearce  David B. Sivyer 《Journal of Sea Research》2008,60(4):246-254

The aim of this study was to investigate controls on the phytoplankton community composition and biogeochemistry of the estuarine plume zone of the River Thames, U.K. using an instrumented moored buoy for in situ measurements and preserved sample collection, and laboratory-based measurements from samples collected at the same site. Instrumentation on the moored buoy enabled high frequency measurements of a suite of environmental variables including in situ chlorophyll, water-column integrated irradiance, macronutrients throughout an annual cycle for 2001 e.g. nitrate and silicate, and phytoplankton biomass and species composition. The Thames plume region acts as a conduit for fluvial nutrients into the wider southern North Sea with typical winter concentrations of 45 μM nitrate, 17 μM silicate and 2 μM phosphate measured. The spring bloom resulted from water-column integrated irradiance increasing above 60 W h m^− 2 d^− 1 and was initially dominated by a diatom bloom mainly composed of Nitzschia sp. and Odontella sinesis. The spring bloom then switched after  30 days to become dominated by the flagellate Phaeocystis reaching a maximum chlorophyll concentration of 37.8 μg L^− 1. During the spring bloom there were high numbers of the heterotrophic dinoflagellates Gyrodinium spirale and Katodinium glaucum that potentially grazed the phytoplankton bloom. This diatom–flagellate switch was predicted to be due to a combination of further increasing water-column integrated irradiance > 100 W h m^− 2 d^− 1 and/or silicate reaching potentially limiting concentrations (< 1 μM). Post spring bloom, diatom dominance of the lower continuous summer phytoplankton biomass occurred despite the low silicate concentrations (Av. 0.7 μM from June–August). Summer diatom dominance, generally due to Guinardia delicatula, was expected to be as a result of microzooplankton grazing, dominated by the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans, controlling 0.7–5.0 μm ‘flagellate’ fraction of the phytoplankton community with grazing rates up to 178% of ‘flagellate’ growth rate. The Thames plume region was therefore shown to be an active region of nutrient and phytoplankton processing and transport to the southern North Sea. The use of a combination of moorings and ship-based sampling was essential in understanding the factors influencing nutrient transport, phytoplankton biomass and species composition in this shelf sea plume region.  相似文献   

Examining the sensitivity of spatial scale in cellular automata Markov chain simulation of land use change   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Hao Wu  Zhen Li  Keith C. Clarke  Wenzhong Shi  Anqi Lin 《International journal of geographical information science》2019,33(5):1040-1061

Understanding the spatial scale sensitivity of cellular automata is crucial for improving the accuracy of land use change simulation. We propose a framework based on a response surface method to comprehensively explore spatial scale sensitivity of the cellular automata Markov chain (CA-Markov) model, and present a hybrid evaluation model for expressing simulation accuracy that merges the strengths of the Kappa coefficient and of Contagion index. Three Landsat-Thematic Mapper remote sensing images of Wuhan in 1987, 1996, and 2005 were used to extract land use information. The results demonstrate that the spatial scale sensitivity of the CA-Markov model resulting from individual components and their combinations are both worthy of attention. The utility of our proposed hybrid evaluation model and response surface method to investigate the sensitivity has proven to be more accurate than the single Kappa coefficient method and more efficient than traditional methods. The findings also show that the CA-Markov model is more sensitive to neighborhood size than to cell size or neighborhood type considering individual component effects. Particularly, the bilateral and trilateral interactions between neighborhood and cell size result in a more remarkable scale effect than that of a single cell size.  相似文献