Die Ortung von Störkörpern mit dem Schlumberger-Meßverfahren     

Dr. Klaus Töpfer 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1969,18(1-2):191-220

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Synoptic survey on dissolved trace metal levels in Baltic surface waters     

Klaus Kremling  Harald Petersen 《Marine pollution bulletin》1984,15(9):329-334

A total of 95 surface water samples (6 m depth) was collected during a transect from the Bothnian Bay to Kiel between 28 August and 5 September 1982. This report presents the dissolved trace metal (<0.4 μm) and the associated hydrographic and nutrient data. Except for aluminium, all other metals determined (Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Fe, Mn) showed a rather homogeneous distribution within the subregions, with highest values in the Bothnian Bay (except for Mn) and net variations of the individual samples of about 20%. Cadmium, copper and nickel reveal conservative behaviour when values from this study and literature data from the Kattegat and North Sea area are plotted against salinity.  相似文献   

Book reviews     

Peter Halbach  Klaus Germann  D. D. Klemm  H. Borchert 《Mineralium Deposita》1982,17(2):307-311

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A New Method for Simultaneous Measurement of Cl⁻, Br⁻, NO₃⁻, SCN⁻, and I⁻ at Sub-ppm Levels in Ground Water     

Klaus J. Stetzenbach  Glenn M. Thompson 《Ground water》1983,21(1):36-41

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Delineation of Ground-Water Flow Systems in the Southern Great Basin Using Aqueous Rare Earth Element Distributions     

Kevin H. Johannesson  Klaus J. Stetzenbach  Vernon F. Hodge  David K. Kreamer  Xiaoping Zhou 《Ground water》1997,35(5):807-819

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The ice winter of 1995/96 on the German Coasts between Ems and oder,with a survey of the entire Baltic Area     

Klaus Strübing 《Ocean Dynamics》1996,48(1):73-87

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Seismic inversion through Tabu Search1     

Rikke Vinther  Klaus Mosegaard 《Geophysical Prospecting》1996,44(4):555-570

Highly non-linear seismic trace inversion problems can be solved efficiently by an implementation of Tabu Search, a meta-heuristic method related to artificial intelligence. The implementation under consideration is a deterministic, global search that combines the advantages ofa local search, giving a quick descent to local misfit minima, with an ability to cross misfit barriers in the model space. Once Tabu Search has found an area of low misfit, it performs an extensive exploration of its deepest points. This property makes it possible to use Tabu Search for a semiquantitative resolution and uncertainty analysis of the inverse problem.  相似文献   

A modified profile method for determining the vertical fluxes of NO,NO2, ozone,and HNO3 in the atmospheric surface layer     

Gerhard Kramm  Hans Müller  David Fowler  Klaus D. Höfken  Franz X. Meixner  Eberhard Schaller 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1991,13(3):265-288

A modified profile method for determining the vertical deposition (or/and exhalation) fluxes of NO, NO₂, ozone, and HNO₃ in the atmospheric surface layer is presented. This method is based on the generally accepted micrometeorological ideas of the transfer of momentum, sensible heat and matter near the Earth's surface and the chemical reactions among these trace gases. The analysis (aerodynamic profile method) includes a detailed determination of the micrometeorological quantities (such as the friction velocity, the fluxes of sensible and latent heat, the roughness length and the zero plane displacement), and of the height-invariant fluxes of the composed chemically conservative trace gases with group concentrations c ₁=[NO]+[NO₂]+[HNO₃], c ₂=[NO₂]+[O₃]+3/2·[HNO₃], and c ₃=[NO]–[O₃]–1/2·[HNO₃]. The fluxes of the individual species are finally determined by the numerical solution of a system of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations for the concentrations of ozone and HNO₃ (decoding method). The parameterization of the fluxes is based on the flux-gradient relationships in the turbulent region of the atmospheric surface layer. The model requires only the vertical profile data of wind velocity, temperature and humidity and concentrations of NO, NO₂, ozone, and HNO₃.The method has been applied to vertical profile data obtained at Jülich (September 1984) and collected in the BIATEX joint field experiment LOVENOX (Halvergate, U.K., September 1989).  相似文献   

The solar abundance of tungsten     

Hartmut Holweger  Klaus Werner 《Solar physics》1982,81(1):3-8

Recent measurements of Wi oscillator strengths (Obbarius and Kock, 1982) lead to a solar photospheric abundance of tungsten, log _W = 1.06 ± 0.15 on the scale log _H = 12. The solar W/Si abundance ratio, 0.32 W atoms/10⁶ Si, coincides with that found in carbonaceous chrondrites. Implications for solar-system r-processes abundances are pointed out.  相似文献   

The behaviour of dissolved Cd, Co, Zn, and Pb in North Atlantic near-surface waters (30°N/60°W–60°N/2°W)     

Klaus Kremling  Peter Streu 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2001,48(12):28

In September 1993 (M26) and June/July 1996 (M36), a total of 239 surface samples (7 m depth) were collected on two transects across the open Atlantic Ocean (224 samples) and northwest European shelf edge area. We present an overview of the horizontal variability of dissolved Cd, Co, Zn, and Pb in between the northwest and northeast Atlantic Ocean in relation to salinity and the nutrients. Our data show a preferential incorporation of Cd relative to P in the particulate material of the surface ocean when related to previously published parallel measurements on suspended particulate matter from the same cruise. There is a good agreement with results recently estimated from a model by Elderfield and Rickaby (Nature 405 (2000) 305), who predict for the North Atlantic Ocean a best fit for α_Cd/P=[Cd/P]_POM/[Cd/P]_SW of 2.5, whereas the approach of our transect shows a α_Cd/P value of 2.6. The Co concentrations of our transects varied from <5 to 131 pmol kg⁻¹, with the lowest values in the subtropical gyre. There were pronounced elevations in the low-salinity ranges of the northwest Atlantic and towards the European shelf. The Co data are decoupled from the Mn distribution and support the hypothesis of marginal inputs as the dominant source. Zinc varied from a minimum of <0.07 nmol kg⁻¹ to a maximum of 1.2 and 4.8 nmol kg⁻¹ in regions influenced by Labrador shelf or European coastal waters, respectively. In subtropical and northeast Atlantic waters, the average Zn concentration was 0.16 nmol kg⁻¹. Zinc concentrations at nearly three quarters of the stations between 40°N and 60°N were <0.1 nmol kg⁻¹. This suggests that biological factors control Zn concentrations in large areas of the North Atlantic surface waters. The Pb data indicated that significant differences in concentration between the northwest and northeast Atlantic surface waters presently (1996) do not exist for this metal. The transects in 1993 and 1996 exhibited Pb concentrations in the northeast Atlantic surface waters of 30 to 40 pmol kg⁻¹, about a fifth to a quarter of the concentrations observed in 1981. This decline is supported by our particle flux measurements in deep waters of the same region.  相似文献