Inversion of GPS velocity and seismicity data to yield changes in stress in the Japanese Islands     

Takeshi Iinuma  Teruyuki Kato  Muneo Hori 《Geophysical Journal International》2005,160(2):417-434

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Ugandan geosites          下载免费PDF全文

A. Schumann  A. Muwanga  T. Lehto  M. Staudt  T. Schlüter  V. Kato  A. Namboyera 《Geology Today》2015,31(2):59-67

Geosites are important and/or unique geological or geographical features of significance. Typically they comprise geological, palaeontological, as well as archaeological sites. Geosites should be regarded as deserving to be preserved and protected, either from the elements or from destructive human activities, both for the community and future generations. A good knowledge of geological heritage, and a healthy respect for it, is an important factor in the holistic approach for sustainable development. Very often, these sites bear a multi‐faceted ‘story’, which may date back from very recent times to billions of years ago. As such, geosites are of great educational and scientific value. In Africa, such sites have not been receiving the attention they deserve. Only a few countries on the continent acknowledge their importance. Within the framework of a Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources Project (SMMRP), geological mapping, geochemical surveys and mineral resources assessment in selected areas of Uganda have been completed under the umbrella of the Geological Survey of Finland (GTK), and the Department of Geological Survey and Mines (DGSM, Uganda). Apart from recording ‘hard‐tough’ geology, 62 geosites were documented in 2010 and 2011. For the first time, such sites have been incorporated in the new geological maps of the country (at a scale of 1: 250 000). It is possible that this is the first time that such places have been shown on geological maps of Africa. Currently, the extreme north‐east of the country is being geologically mapped by DGSM, with the eventuality of more possible geosites being discovered.  相似文献   

An emission pathway for stabilization at 6?Wm?2 radiative forcing   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Toshihiko Masui  Kenichi Matsumoto  Yasuaki Hijioka  Tsuguki Kinoshita  Toru Nozawa  Sawako Ishiwatari  Etsushi Kato  P. R. Shukla  Yoshiki Yamagata  Mikiko Kainuma 《Climatic change》2011,109(1-2):59-76

Representative Concentration Pathway 6.0 (RCP6) is a pathway that describes trends in long-term, global emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), short-lived species, and land-use/land-cover change leading to a stabilisation of radiative forcing at 6.0 Watts per square meter (Wm^?2) in the year 2100 without exceeding that value in prior years. Simulated with the Asia-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM), GHG emissions of RCP6 peak around 2060 and then decline through the rest of the century. The energy intensity improvement rates changes from 0.9% per year to 1.5% per year around 2060. Emissions are assumed to be reduced cost-effectively in any period through a global market for emissions permits. The exchange of CO₂ between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystem through photosynthesis and respiration are estimated with the ecosystem model. The regional emissions, except CO₂ and N₂O, are downscaled to facilitate transfer to climate models.  相似文献   

The plate coupling in the Tokai District,the Central Japan,inferred from the different data using triangular dislocation elements     

Tadafumi Ochi  Teruyuki Kato 《Tectonophysics》2011,497(1-4):15-22

We estimate interseismic coupling on the subducting plate interface in the Tokai area, central Japan, by inverting two geodetic data sets. The data record surface motion between March 1996 to May 2000; one represents vertical motion deduced from the leveling observations and the other is the horizontal velocity field deduced from GPS observations. In the inversion, we employed the analytical solutions of surface displacement due to a triangular dislocation element embedded in a homogeneous elastic half space in order to represent the curved plate interface. The vertical data show that the most strongly coupled portion of the subduction interface is concentrated beneath Omaezaki Cape, while the horizontal data show strongest coupling in the shallower region of the subducting plate interface. The estimated maximum value of coupling from the horizontal data is 40 mm/year, while that from vertical data is 25 mm/year.  相似文献   

Observation of cosmic soft X-rays     

S. Hayakawa  T. Kato  F. Makino  H. Ogawa  Y. Tanaka  K. Yamashita  M. Matsuoka  S. Miyamoto  M. Oda  Y. Ogawara 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1971,12(1):104-117

Cosmic soft X-rays in the energy range between 0.14 and 7 keV were observed with thin polypropylene window proportional counters on board a sounding rocket. The field of view crossed the galactic plane in the Cygnus-Cassiopeia region at a large angle and reached the galactic latitudes of –55° and +30°. Referring also to the result with Be window counters, we obtained the energy spectrum of Cyg XR-2, the flux from the Cas A region and the distribution of the intensity of diffuse X-rays over the scanned region. The turn-over of the Cyg XR-2 spectrum at about 1 keV indicates that the distance of the Cyg XR-2 source lies between 600 and 800 pc, if the turn-over is due entirely to interstellar absorption. The flux from the Cas A region is obtained as 0.23±0.05 photons cm^–2 sec^–1 in the energy range between 1.1 and 4.1 keV. The intensity of diffuse soft X-rays depends on the galactic latitude more weakly than expected from the interstellar absorption of extragalactic X-rays and shows asymmetry with respect to the galactic equator, thus suggesting a contribution of galactic X-rays. The spectrum of extragalactic X-rays is approximately represented by a power lawE ^–1.8.  相似文献   

Maximal size of chondrules in shock wave heating model: Stripping of liquid surface in a hypersonic rarefied gas flow     

Takaaki Kato  Taishi Nakamoto  Hitoshi Miura 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2006,41(1):49-65

Abstract— We examined partially molten dust particles that have a solid core and a surrounding liquid mantle, and estimated the maximal size of chondrules in a framework of the shock wave heating model for chondrule formation. First, we examined the dynamics of the liquid mantle by analytically solving the hydrodynamics equations for a core‐mantle structure via a linear approximation. We obtained the deformation, internal flow, pressure distribution in the liquid mantle, and the force acting on the solid core. Using these results, we estimated conditions in which liquid mantle is stripped off from the solid core. We found that when the particle radius is larger than about 1–2 mm, the stripping is expected to take place before the entire dust particle melts. So chondrules larger than about 1–2 mm are not likely to be formed by the shock wave heating mechanism. Also, we found that the stripping of the liquid mantle is more likely to occur than the fission of totally molten particles. Therefore, the maximal size of chondrules may be determined by the stripping of the liquid mantle from the partially molten dust particles in the shock waves. This maximal size is consistent with the sizes of natural chondrules.  相似文献   

Kurosegawa Terrane as a Transform Fault Zone in Southwest Japan     

Kiyoshi Kato  Yukiyasu Saka 《Gondwana Research》2001,4(4):653-654

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Computation of Solar Radiative Fluxes by 1D and 3D Methods Using Cloudy Atmospheres Inferred from A-train Satellite Data     

H. W. Barker  S. Kato  T. Wehr 《Surveys in Geophysics》2012,33(3-4):657-676

This study used realistic representations of cloudy atmospheres to assess errors in solar flux estimates associated with 1D radiative transfer models. A scene construction algorithm, developed for the EarthCARE mission, was applied to CloudSat, CALIPSO and MODIS satellite data thus producing 3D cloudy atmospheres measuring 61 km wide by 14,000 km long at 1 km grid-spacing. Broadband solar fluxes and radiances were then computed by a Monte Carlo photon transfer model run in both full 3D and 1D independent column approximation modes. Results were averaged into 1,303 (50 km)² domains. For domains with total cloud fractions A _c  < 0.7 top-of-atmosphere (TOA) albedos tend to be largest for 3D transfer with differences increasing with solar zenith angle. Differences are largest for A _c  > 0.7 and characterized by small bias yet large random errors. Regardless of A _c , differences between 3D and 1D transfer rarely exceed ±30 W m^?2 for net TOA and surface fluxes and ±10 W m^?2 for atmospheric absorption. Horizontal fluxes through domain sides depend on A _c with ～20% of cases exceeding ±30 W m^?2; the largest values occur for A _c  > 0.7. Conversely, heating rate differences rarely exceed ±20%. As a cursory test of TOA radiative closure, fluxes produced by the 3D model were averaged up to (20 km)² and compared to values measured by CERES. While relatively little attention was paid to optical properties of ice crystals and surfaces, and aerosols were neglected entirely, ～30% of the differences between 3D model estimates and measurements fall within ±10 W m^?2; this is the target agreement set for EarthCARE. This, coupled with the aforementioned comparison between 3D and 1D transfer, leads to the recommendation that EarthCARE employ a 3D transport model when attempting TOA radiative closure.  相似文献   

Uncertainty Estimate of Surface Irradiances Computed with MODIS-, CALIPSO-, and CloudSat-Derived Cloud and Aerosol Properties   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Seiji Kato  Norman G. Loeb  David A. Rutan  Fred G. Rose  Sunny Sun-Mack  Walter F. Miller  Yan Chen 《Surveys in Geophysics》2012,33(3-4):395-412

Differences of modeled surface upward and downward longwave and shortwave irradiances are calculated using modeled irradiance computed with active sensor-derived and passive sensor-derived cloud and aerosol properties. The irradiance differences are calculated for various temporal and spatial scales, monthly gridded, monthly zonal, monthly global, and annual global. Using the irradiance differences, the uncertainty of surface irradiances is estimated. The uncertainty (1σ) of the annual global surface downward longwave and shortwave is, respectively, 7?W?m^?2 (out of 345?W?m^?2) and 4?W?m^?2 (out of 192?W?m^?2), after known bias errors are removed. Similarly, the uncertainty of the annual global surface upward longwave and shortwave is, respectively, 3?W?m^?2 (out of 398?W?m^?2) and 3?W?m^?2 (out of 23?W?m^?2). The uncertainty is for modeled irradiances computed using cloud properties derived from imagers on a sun-synchronous orbit that covers the globe every day (e.g., moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer) or modeled irradiances computed for nadir view only active sensors on a sun-synchronous orbit such as Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation and CloudSat. If we assume that longwave and shortwave uncertainties are independent of each other, but up- and downward components are correlated with each other, the uncertainty in global annual mean net surface irradiance is 12?W?m^?2. One-sigma uncertainty bounds of the satellite-based net surface irradiance are 106?W?m^?2 and 130?W?m^?2.  相似文献   

Crustal structure beneath Aso Caldera,Southwest Japan,as derived from receiver function analysis     

Yuki Abe  Takahiro Ohkura  Takuo Shibutani  Kazuro Hirahara  Mamoru Kato 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2010

Aso Volcano experienced a huge pyroclastic eruption 90 thousand years ago, and formed a large caldera (18 km × 25 km). In order to test the hypothesis of a magma body in the mid and lower crust that has been suggested geophysically and geochemically, we investigated seismic velocity discontinuities and velocity structure beneath Aso Caldera using receiver functions and a genetic algorithm inversion. We confirm the existence of the Moho at depths between 30 km and 35 km and a large velocity anomaly should exist in the deep portion of the crust beneath Aso Caldera, from imaging of receiver functions observed only at stations outside the caldera. As a result of a more detailed examination with GA inversion, a low velocity layer is detected at depths between 10 km and 24 km beneath the western part of the caldera. S-wave velocity of the layer is estimated to be 2.0–2.4 km/s. We estimate that the low velocity layer contains at most 15% melt or 30% aqueous fluid. The layer exists near the Conrad and at the same depths as the swarm of the low frequency earthquakes and a compressional and dilatational deformation source which are expected to be caused by fluid movement beneath the middle-eastern part of the caldera. Fluid contained in the layer might be related with huge pyroclastic eruptions of Aso Volcano.  相似文献