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101.
Lothar Stramma Sunke Schmidtko Lisa A. Levin Gregory C. Johnson 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2010,57(4):587-595
Climate models with biogeochemical components predict declines in oceanic dissolved oxygen with global warming. In coastal regimes oxygen deficits represent acute ecosystem perturbations. Here, we estimate dissolved oxygen differences across the global tropical and subtropical oceans within the oxygen minimum zone (200–700-dbar depth) between 1960–1974 (an early period with reliable data) and 1990–2008 (a recent period capturing ocean response to planetary warming). In most regions of the tropical Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans the oxygen content in the 200–700-dbar layer has declined. Furthermore, at 200 dbar, the area with O2 <70 μmol kg?1, where some large mobile macro-organisms are unable to abide, has increased by 4.5 million km2. The tropical low oxygen zones have expanded horizontally and vertically. Subsurface oxygen has decreased adjacent to most continental shelves. However, oxygen has increased in some regions in the subtropical gyres at the depths analyzed. According to literature discussed below, fishing pressure is strong in the open ocean, which may make it difficult to isolate the impact of declining oxygen on fisheries. At shallower depths we predict habitat compression will occur for hypoxia-intolerant taxa, with eventual loss of biodiversity. Should past trends in observed oxygen differences continue into the future, shifts in animal distributions and changes in ecosystem structure could accelerate. 相似文献
102.
Disturbances influence ecological communities over a wide range of scales. We investigated the effects of localized hypoxic
disturbances on an estuarine fish assemblage at several spatial (m2 and 10s km2) and temporal (days, seasons, years) scales in a multivariate framework (temperature, salinity, depth, dissolved oxygen).
We examined whether seasons, years) scales in a multivariate framework (temperature, salinity, depth, dissolved oxygen). We
examined whether there were consistent changes in fish and crustacean estuarine assemblage characteristics along environmental
gradients and whether these relationships were altered by hypoxic disturbances. We also investigated at what scale dissolved
oxygen concentration may be influencing the structure of motile estuarine assemblages and whether the size of the hypoxic
zone altered its effects on the estuarine assemblage. Hypoxic disturbances altered fish and crustacean assemblages along the
depth gradients that were present during well-oxygenated periods. Species diversity, richness, and catch rates were lower
in hypoxic patches than in oxygenated areas. Dissolved oxygen concentration remained an important explanatory variable for
patch-level assemblage dissimilarity, species richness, and diversity when data were aggregated across seasons. When we examined
the data at a larger scale, by aggregating information across the study area, we did not detect influences of hypoxia on assemblage
structure. Fish moved out of local hypoxic zones, but remained within the estuary even in years with extensive hypoxia. There
was no effect of size of the hypoxic distrubance on whether organisms responded to hypoxia or on diversity or richness of
the study site. These results suggest that these local disturbances play an important role in structuring motile species assemblages
at a patch-level within an estuary, but regional factors such as recruitment and migration are important in influencing species
assemblages for the entire estuary over months and years. 相似文献
103.
— Simulation of the complete earthquake generation process requires assimilation of observational data on long-term behavior of faults over multiple rupture cycles. Paleoseismology, the study of pre-instrumental earthquakes from geological field investigations, provides the only observations of long-term fault behavior. Paleoseismic data present challenges for assimilation into models because data sets are small, sparse, analog, and contain qualitative uncertainties. Observations can be categorized as primary measurements from field data, or non-primary extrapolations or interpretations of primary data. Assimilation of non-primary data could yield biased simulation results. We present a primary data set for the San Andreas and Imperial faults for comparison with non-primary data in existing databases, and propose standard formats and structure for paleoseismic data assimilation into numerical simulation models . 相似文献
104.
Introduction Northern Pakistan is one of the seismically active regions in the world. Numerous studies have been undertaken to highlight and understand the ongoing collisional process of the Indo-Pakistan plate with the Kohistan island arc. Besides the N-S compression, as a result of the con-vergence, transpressional features have also been recognized. However, in the studied area pres-ence of evaporites (Eocambrian) has led to the development of duplex type models with the basal decollemen… 相似文献
105.
Speciation and weathering of selenium in upper cretaceous chalk and shale from South Dakota and Wyoming, USA 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
In geologic materials, petroleum, and the environment, selenium occurs in various oxidation states (VI, IV, 0, -II), mineralized forms, and organo-Se complexes. Each of these forms is characterized by specific chemical and biochemical properties that control the element’s solubility, toxicity, and environmental behavior. The organic rich chalks and shales of the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Formation and the Pierre Shale in South Dakota and Wyoming are bentoniferous stratigraphic intervals characterized by anomalously high concentrations of naturally occurring Se. Numerous environmental problems have been associated with Se derived from these geological units, including the development of seleniferous soils and vegetation that are toxic to livestock and the contamination of drinking water supplies by Se mobilized in groundwater.This study describes a sequential extraction protocol followed by speciation treatments and quantitative analysis by Hydride Generation-Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. This protocol was utilized to investigate the geochemical forms and the oxidation states in which Se occurs in these geologic units. Organic Se and di-selenide minerals are the predominant forms of Se present in the chalks, shales, and bentonites, but distinctive variations in these forms were observed between different sample types. Chalks contain significantly greater proportions of Se in the form of di-selenide minerals (including Se associated with pyrite) than the shales where base-soluble, humic, organo-Se complexes are more prevalent. A comparison between unweathered samples collected from lithologic drill cores and weathered samples collected from outcrop suggest that the humic, organic-Se compounds in shale are formed during oxidative weathering and that Se oxidized by weathering is more likely to be retained by shale than by chalk. Selenium enrichment in bentonites is inferred to result from secondary processes including the adsorption of Se mobilized by groundwater from surrounding organic rich sediments to clay mineral and iron hydroxide surfaces, as well as microbial reduction of Se within the bentonitic intervals. Distinct differences are inferred for the biogeochemical pathways that affected sedimentary Se sequestration during periods of chalk accumulation compared to shale deposition in the Cretaceous seaway. Mineralogy of sediment and the nature of the organic matter associated with each of these rock types have important implications for the environmental chemistry and release of Se to the environment during weathering. 相似文献
106.
Borehole image analysis of the Nankai Accretionary Wedge, ODP Leg 196: Structural and stress studies 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Masanori Ienaga Lisa C. McNeill Hitoshi Mikada Saneatsu Saito David Goldberg J. Casey Moore 《Tectonophysics》2006,426(1-2):207
Electrical images recorded with Resistivity-At-Bit (RAB) from two sites drilled during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 196 were analyzed to study the effects of subduction at the Nankai margin. For the first time in the history of scientific deep-sea drilling in ODP, in situ complete borehole images of the décollement zone were obtained. Analyses of all drilling-induced fracture data indicated that the maximum horizontal compressive stress (SHmax) axes have an azimuth of 303°, and analyses of breakout data from RAB images indicated an azimuth of 310°. These azimuths approximate the convergence direction of the Philippine Sea plate towards the Eurasian plate. The frontal thrust at Site 808 was encountered at about 389 mbsf. Density, porosity, resistivity, and gamma ray data change across the frontal thrust. The décollement zone at the deformation front was identified between 937 and 965 mbsf. The base of the décollement is sharply defined as the maximum extent of conductive fracturing and is marked by abrupt changes in physical properties [Mikada, H., Becker, K., Moore, J.C., Klaus, A., Austin, G.L., Bangs, N.L., Bourlange, S., Broilliard, J., Brückmann, W., Corn, E.R., Davis, E.E., Flemings, P.B., Goldberg, D.B., Gulick, S.S., Hansen, M.B., Hayward, N., Hills, D.J., Hunze, S., Ienaga, M., Ishiguro, H., Kinoshita, M., Macdonald, R.D., McNeill, L., Obana, S., Hong, O.S., Peacock, S., Pettigrew, T.L., Saito, S., Sawa, T., Thaiprasert, N., Tobin, H.J., Tsurumi, H., 2002. Proc. ODP, Initial Rep., 196, College Station, TX, (Ocean Drilling Program)]. The upper boundary of the décollement is marked by several sets of conductive fractures and by high variability in physical properties. The décollement zone is characterized by intense brittle fracturing. These fractures are considered to be the consequence of cyclic stresses and high fluid pressures in this zone. We analyzed fracture dips and their orientations at both sites and found that they are all consistent with a unique stress field model surrounding the two sites. 相似文献
107.
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109.
东南沿海地震带(含台湾海峡地区)地震活动期的讨论 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
东南沿海地震带(含台湾海峡地区)地震活动存在一个340年左右的主要分期,目前处在1400年以来的第二活动期。本文充分注意到70余年的次级分期影响,分析表明,第二活动期可以简单划分为平静和释放两个阶段,释放阶段存在两个应变释放高潮时段自1986年进行第二高潮时段,1994年9月台湾海峡7.3级地震其主要标志之一,预计这一高潮时段将持续至2040年左右,其间可能会有效次M≥6级地震发生,并且不能排除继 相似文献
110.