Predictability of South China Sea Summer Monsoon Onset     

Gill M.MARTIN  Amulya CHEVUTURI  Ruth E.COMER  Nick J.DUNSTONE  Adam A.SCAIFE  Daquan ZHANG 《大气科学进展》2019,36(3):253-260

Predicting monsoon onset is crucial for agriculture and socioeconomic planning in countries where millions rely on the timely arrival of monsoon rains for their livelihoods. In this study we demonstrate useful skill in predicting year-to-year variations in South China Sea summer monsoon onset at up to a three-month lead time using the GloSea5 seasonal forecasting system. The main source of predictability comes from skillful prediction of Pacific sea surface temperatures associated with El NiÑo and La NiÑa. The South China Sea summer monsoon onset is a known indicator of the broadscale seasonal transition that represents the first stage of the onset of the Asian summer monsoon as a whole. Subsequent development of rainfall across East Asia is influenced by subseasonal variability and synoptic events that reduce predictability, but interannual variability in the broadscale monsoon onset for East Asian summer monsoon still provides potentially useful information for users about possible delays or early occurrence of the onset of rainfall over East Asia.  相似文献   

STRUCTURAL GLACIOLOGY OF A TEMPERATE MARITIME GLACIER: LOWER FOX GLACIER,NEW ZEALAND     

JOHN R. APPLEBY  MARTIN S. BROOK  SIMON S. VALE  AMANDA M. MACDONALD‐CREEVEY 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2010,92(4):451-467

This paper describes the structural glaciology of the lower Fox Glacier, a 12.7 km‐long valley glacier draining the western side of the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Field data are combined with analysis of aerial photographs to present a structural interpretation of a 5 km‐long segment covering the lower trunk of the glacier, from the upper icefall down‐glacier to the terminus. The glacier typifies the structural patterns observed in many other alpine glaciers, including: primary stratification visible within crevasse walls in the lower icefall; foliation visible in crevasses below the lower icefall; a complex set of intersecting crevasse traces; splaying and chevron crevasses at the glacier margins; transverse crevasses forming due to longitudinal extension; longitudinal crevasses due to lateral extension near the snout; and, arcuate up‐glacier dipping structures between the foot of the lower icefall and the terminus. The latter are interpreted as crevasse traces that have been reactivated as thrust faults, accommodating longitudinal compression at the glacier snout. Weak band‐ogives are visible below the upper icefall, and these could be formed by multiple shearing zones uplifting basal ice to the glacier surface to produce the darker bands, rather than by discrete fault planes. Many structures such as crevasses traces do not show a clear relationship with measured surface strain‐rates, in which case they may be ‘close to crevassing’, or are undergoing passive transport down‐glacier.  相似文献   

桑沟湾和胶州湾沉积物耗氧率研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张学雷  朱明远  陈尚  GRANT Jon 《海洋科学进展》2006,24(1):91-96

为评价浅海海域底层在碳元素生物地化循环中的作用,采用现场取样培养法测定了黄海桑沟湾和胶州湾的沉积物耗氧率。桑沟湾5月和8月的沉积物耗氧率分别为15和24 mmol.m-2.d-1;胶州湾8月的沉积物耗氧率为18 mmol.m-2.d-1。回归分析表明,2个湾的沉积物耗氧率分别与沉积物表层的有机碳和总氮含量正相关。取呼吸商为0.8,得到桑沟湾底层对有机碳的矿化率占水层初级生产力的102%(5月)和67%(8月),胶州湾底层对有机碳的矿化率占水层初级生产力的28%(8月)。取桑沟湾颗粒有机碳的生物沉积速率为236 mg.m-2.d-1,得到底层对有机碳的埋置效率为40%(5月)和3%(8月),埋置的有机碳占水层初级生产力的69%(5月)和2%(8月);胶州湾颗粒有机碳的自然沉积速率为251 mg.m-2.d-1,底层对有机碳的埋置效率为32%(8月),埋置的有机碳占水层初级生产力的13%(8月)。  相似文献   

Bank erosion in an Andean páramo river system: Implications for hydro-development and carbon dynamics in the neotropical Andes     

Derek J.MARTIN  Christopher ELY  Beverley C.WEMPLE 《山地科学学报》2019,(2)

The páramo of the Northern Andes provide critically important ecosystem services to the Northern Andean region in the form of water provisioning and carbon sequestration, both of which are a result of the páramo?s organic-rich soils. Little is known, however, about the hydro-geomorphic characteristics of the rivers that drain these ecosystems. With impending plans for widespread hydro-development and increasing implementation of carbon-sequestering compensation for ecosystem services programs in the region it is imperative that we develop a thorough understanding of the hydrogeomorphic role that rivers play in this unique ecosystem. The objective of this study was to quantify bank erosion along an Amazonian headwater stream draining a small, relatively undisturbed páramo catchment to gain a better understanding of the natural erosion regime and the resulting sediment contributions from this unique ecosystem. This study implemented a combination of field, laboratory, and Geographic Information Systems techniques to quantify bank erosion rates and determine a bank erosion sediment yield from the Ningar River, a small páramo catchment(22.7 km~2) located in the eastern Andean cordillera of Ecuador. Results show that bank erosion rates range from 3.0 to ≥ 390.0 mm/yr, are highly episodic, and yield at least 487 tons of sediment annually to the Ningar River. These results imply that 1) páramo ecosystems substantially contribute to the sediment load of the Amazon River basin; 2) bank erosion is a potentially significant flux component of basin-scale carbon cycles in páramo ecosystems; and 3) hydrologic alteration campaigns(dam building) will likely critically alter these contributions and concomitantly disconnect a critical source of sediment and nutrients to downstream ecosystems.  相似文献   

How robust are Holocene treeline simulations? A model–data comparison in the European Arctic treeline region     

KEYAN FANG  JESSE L. MORRIS  J. SAKARI SALONEN  PAUL A. MILLER  HANS RENSSEN  MARTIN T. SYKES  HEIKKI SEPPÄ 《第四纪科学杂志》2013,28(6):595-604

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Traçage chimique et isotopique (Cl−, 18O) d'une crue d'automne sur un petit bassin versant Méditerranéen incendié     

Y. TRAVI  J. LAVABRE  B. BLAVOUX  C. MARTIN 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):605-619

Résumé

A la suite des incendies qui ont ravagé le massif des Maures au cours de l'été 1990, le petit bassin du Rimbaud (bassin versant du Réal Collobrier) a vu son comportement hydrologique fortement modifié. Parallèlement au suivi hydrologique et hydrochimique habituel, les isotopes stables ont été mesurés sur les précipitations et l'écoulement. La disparition de la végétation et donc de son influence sur les pluviolessivats nous a incité à comparer l'évolution respective des teneurs en oxygène 18 et en chlorure. Au cours de la crue du 9 décembre 1990, ces deux éléments présentent un comportement très similaire et, fait original, les décompositions d'hydrogramme qu'ils permettent d'établir sont comparables. En considérant les facteurs habituels d'évolution des chlorures et de l'oxygène 18, il apparaît qu'une proportion de l'ordre de 45% d'eau “ancienne” participe aux écoulements de crue et que la zone non saturée ne joue dans ce cas précis aucun rôle significatif. En outre, en s'appuyant sur l'évolution des températures de l'eau qui révèle l'arrêt du ruissellement, la quantité d'eau qui rejoint le réservoir souterrain peut être estimée à au moins 30%.  相似文献   

Lateglacial to Holocene relative sea‐level changes in the Stykkishólmur area,northern Snæfellsnes,Iceland          下载免费PDF全文

MARTIN D. BRADER  JEREMY M. LLOYD  MICHAEL J. BENTLEY  ANTHONY J. NEWTON 《第四纪科学杂志》2015,30(5):497-507

Comparatively little research has been undertaken on relative sea‐level (RSL) change in western Iceland. This paper presents the results of diatom, tephrochronological and radiocarbon analyses on six isolation basins and two coastal lowland sediment cores from the Stykkishólmur area, northern Snæfellsnes, western Iceland. The analyses provide a reconstruction of Lateglacial to mid‐Holocene RSL changes in the region. The marine limit is measured to 65–69 m above sea level (asl), with formation being estimated at 13.5 cal ka BP. RSL fall initially occurred rapidly following marine limit formation, until ca. 12.6 cal ka BP, when the rate of RSL fall decreased. RSL fell below present in the Stykkishólmur area during the early Holocene (by ca. 10 cal ka BP). The rates of RSL change noted in the Stykkishólmur area demonstrate lesser ice thicknesses in Snæfellsnes than Vestfirðir during the Younger Dryas, when viewed in the regional context. Consequently, the data provide an insight into patterns of glacio‐isostatic adjustment surrounding Breiðafjörður, a hypothesized major ice stream at the Last Glacial Maximum.  相似文献   

REINTRODUCTION AND RANGE EXPANSION OF EASTERN WILD TURKEYS IN MINNESOTA*     

MARTIN D. MITCHELL  RICHARD O. KIMMEL  JENNIFER SNYDERS 《Geographical review》2011,101(2):269-284

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Discussion: “Were the Ediacaran siliciclastics of South Australia coastal or deep marine?” by Retallack et al., Sedimentology, 59, 1208–1236     

RICHARD H. T. CALLOW  MARTIN D. BRASIER  DUNCAN MCILROY 《Sedimentology》2013,60(2):624-627

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Building a prototype Geographical Correlates Exploration Machine     

STAN OPENSHAW  ANNA CROSS  MARTIN CHARLTON 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(3):297-311

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