The use of chemical dispersants to combat oil spills at sea: A review of practice and research needs in Europe   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Chapman H  Purnell K  Law RJ  Kirby MF 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(7):827-838

In order to better understand the practice of dispersant use, a review has been undertaken of marine oil spills over a 10 year period (1995-2005), looking in particular at variations between different regions and oil-types. This viewpoint presents and analyses the review data and examines a range of dispersant use policies. The paper also discusses the need for a reasoned approach to dispersant use and introduces past cases and studies to highlight lessons learned over the past ten years, focussing on dispersant effectiveness and monitoring; toxicity and environmental effects; the use of dispersants in low salinity waters; response planning and future research needs.  相似文献   

Volcanic history of El Chichón Volcano (Chiapas, Mexico) during the Holocene, and its impact on human activity   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. M. Espíndola  J. L. Macías  R. I. Tilling  M. F. Sheridan 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2000,62(2):90-104

2 abundance and depletion in MgO, CaO, TiO₂, as well as trace and rare earth elements. This suggests segregation of olivine and orthopyroxene from the melt. Since human settlements in southeast Mexico and Central America can be traced as far back as approximately 2500 years BP, most of these events probably affected human activity. In fact, there are reports of pottery shards and other artifacts in deposits from the eruption of 1250 BP. Pottery fragments in deposits of an eruption that took place 2500 BP are also reported in this paper. Thus, the impact of the volcano on human activities has been frequent, with most of the repose intervals lasting between 100 to 600 years. The impact of the eruptions was probably of greater than local extent, because airfall tephra could reach distant sites and possibly even affect weather. The eruptive history of El Chichón also offers clues in the investigation of the Maya civilization. Several researchers have considered the volcano as an important factor in the answer to some intriguing questions such as the extensive use of volcanic ash in Late Classic Maya ceramics or, of greater importance, the causes of the collapse of the Classic Maya civilization. Received : 4 May 1998 / Accepted: 1 November 1999  相似文献   

A Geostatistical Approach to Modelling Positional Errors in Vector Data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. Zhang  & Roger P. Kirby 《Transactions in GIS》2000,4(2):145-159

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A comparison of alternative criteria for defining fuzzy boundaries on fuzzy categorical maps     

ZHANG Jingxiong Roger P.Kirby 《地球空间信息科学学报》2000,3(2):26-34

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣａｔｅｇｏｒｉｃａｌｍａｐｓｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｔｙｐｅｏｆｄａｔａｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｄｉｎＧＩＳｓ,ｗｈｉｃｈｄｅｐｉｃｔｓｐａｔｉａｌｄｉｓ ｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｆｏｒｍｏｆｅｘｈａｕｓｔｉｖｅ,ｎｏｎ＿ｏｖｅｒｌａｐｐｉｎｇａｒｅａｌｕｎｉｔｓｓｅｐａｒａｔｅｄｂｙｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｌｉｎｅｓ.Ａｎａｓｓｕｍｐ ｔｉｏｎｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｃａｔｅｇｏｒｉｃａｌｍａｐｐｉｎｇｉｓｔｈｅｏｂｊｅｃｔ＿ｂａｓｅｄｖｉｅｗ…  相似文献   

32P-postlabelling analysis of DNA adducts and EROD induction as biomarkers of genotoxin exposure in dab (Limanda limanda) from British coastal waters.     

B P Lyons  C Stewart  M F Kirby 《Marine environmental research》2000,50(1-5):575-579

Dab (Limanda limanda) were sampled from a number of polluted and unpolluted areas in British coastal waters. The 32P-postlabelling assay was used to analyse the level of aromatic/hydrophobic DNA adducts in pooled samples of liver tissue. The mean levels of DNA adducts detected from areas known to receive anthropogenic pollutants ranged from 4.0 to 26.8 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides, with all sites containing samples displaying DNA adduct profiles consisting of diagonal radioactive zones. In contrast no DNA adducts were detectable in samples from an unpolluted reference site. The ranking of polluted sites based on DNA adduct levels did not correspond with the ranking of sites based on sediment associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon levels, highlighting the problem of linking the presence of contamination with detectable biological responses. No correlation could be found in this study between EROD activity and the level of DNA adducts.  相似文献   

Subgrid modeling of salt marsh hydrodynamics with effects of vegetation and vegetation zonation          下载免费PDF全文

Guoxiang Wu  Huajun Li  Bingchen Liang  Fengyan Shi  James T. Kirby  Ryan Mieras 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(12):1755-1768

Vegetation plays a critical role in modifying inundation and flow patterns in salt marshes. In this study, the effects of vegetation are derived and implemented in a high‐resolution, subgrid model recently developed for simulating salt marsh hydrodynamics. Vegetation‐induced drag forces are taken into account as momentum sink terms. The model is then applied to simulate the flooding and draining processes in a meso‐tidal salt marsh, both with and without vegetation effects. Marsh inundation and flow patterns are significantly changed with the presence of vegetation. A smaller area of inundation occurs when vegetation is considered. Tides propagate both on the platform and through the channels when vegetation is absent, whereas flows concentrate mainly in channels when vegetation is present. Local inundation on vegetated platforms is caused mainly by water flux spilled from nearby channels, with a flow direction perpendicular to the channel edges, whereas inundation on bare platforms has contributions from both local spilled‐over water flux and remote advection from adjacent platforms. The flooding characteristics predicted by the model showed a significant difference between higher marsh and lower marsh, which is consistent with the wetlands classification by the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI). The flooding characteristics and spatial distribution of hydroperiod are also highly correlated with the vegetation zonation patterns observed in Google Earth imagery. Regarding the strong interaction between flow, vegetation and geomorphology, the conclusion highlights the importance of including vegetation in the modeling of salt marsh dynamics. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A unified intensity of the magnetic field in the protoplanetary disk from the Winchcombe meteorite     

James F. J. Bryson  Claire I. O. Nichols  Conall Mac Niocaill 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2024,59(5):1194-1215

One key feature of our protoplanetary disk that shaped its transformation into a system of planetary bodies was its vast magnetic field. Unique constraints on the properties of this field can be gleaned from paleomagnetic measurements of certain meteorites. Here, we apply this approach to the recent CM chondrite fall Winchcombe with the aim of constructing the most complete and reliable record to date of the behavior of the disk field in the outer solar system. We find that the interior of Winchcombe carries a stable, pre-terrestrial magnetization that likely dates from the period of aqueous alteration of the CM chondrite parent body. This remanence corresponds to a paleointensity of 31 ± 17 μT accounting for the average effect of parent body rotation. Winchcombe is rich in framboids and plaquettes of magnetite, which formed via precipitation following the dissolution of iron sulfide. This contrasts with most other CM chondrites, where magnetite formed predominantly via pseudomorphic replacement of FeNi metal. Accounting for the potential differences in recording fidelities of these types of magnetite, we find that the reported paleointensities from all CM chondrites to date are likely underestimates of the disk field intensity in the outer solar system, and use our measurements to calculate a unified intensity estimate of ~78 μT. This paleointensity is consistent with two independent values from recent studies, which collectively argue that the disk field could have played a larger role in shaping the behavior of the disk in the outer solar system than previously considered.  相似文献