排序方式： 共有27条查询结果，搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
For over 20 years, Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change have struggled with the normative significance of history for the differentiation of responsibilities. Negotiations on ‘historical responsibility’ have been marked by considerable conflict between developed and developing countries. However, in 2010, the Parties acknowledged the concept in a consensus decision. This article analyses UN Climate Change Conference delegates' agreement with the decision, whether it reconciled conflict between interpretations of historical responsibility, and the significance that delegates ascribe to the decision for future agreements. The decision has not eliminated conflict between different interpretations. Delegates who understand historical responsibility as linking countries' historical contributions to climate change to their responsibilities to act agree more with the decision and foresee it having a stronger influence on future agreements than do those viewing the concept in more conceptual terms. The decision marks the start of negotiations concerning how rather than whether historical responsibility should guide operative text. This article demonstrates that (1) the divergent interpretations pose clear challenges for a necessary but demanding agreement on operationalization, and (2) focusing on an ambiguous version of proportionality between contribution to change and responsibility can become a first step for convergence between divergent positions. 相似文献
12.
Ocean tides and resonance 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Johan A. Mattias Green 《Ocean Dynamics》2010,60(5):1243-1253
Tidal currents and surface amplitudes are calculated globally for the dominating diurnal and semidiurnal constituents using an established tidal model under a range of altered bathymetry. The purpose is to evaluate if the well-known amplification of the global tides during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is related to changed propagation properties for the tidal wave or to changed damping due to removal of shelf seas. The response of the tides and tidal dissipation to future sea-level rise is also discussed. The tides in the present and LGM oceans were simulated first, followed by runs where the present day bathymetry was used but the shelf seas removed by the introduction of vertical walls or where sea level is allowed to rise. Previously reported results regarding tidal amplitudes and dissipation rates are reproduced in the control runs. The runs without shelf seas show significantly enhanced tidal amplitudes in the North Atlantic, whereas sea-level rise of 5 m above present levels show a significant shift in the amphidromic points on a local and regional scale but had a limited effect on the open ocean tides. Simulations with very large sea-level rise show a significantly decreased global tidal dissipation, whereas experiments without friction in present-day shallow water display results similar to those with no shelf seas. The results all point towards changing damping properties due to the removal of shelf seas as being the mechanism behind the LGM amplification, and they imply the importance of implementing future sea-level changes properly in tidal simulations. 相似文献
13.
The energy flux in internal waves generated at the Celtic Sea shelf break was estimated by (i) applying perturbation theory to a week-long dataset from a mooring at 200 m depth, and (ii) using a 2D non-hydrostatic circulation model over the shelf break. The dataset consisted of high resolution time-series of currents and vertical stratification together with two 25-h sets of vertical profiles of the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy. The observations indicated an average energy flux of 139 W m−1, travelling along the shelf break towards the northwest. The average energy flux across the shelf break at the mooring was only 8 W m−1. However, the waves propagating onshelf transported up to 200 W m−1, but they were only present 51% of the time. A comparison between the divergence of the baroclinic energy flux and observed dissipation within the seasonal thermocline at the mooring showed that the dissipation was at least one order of magnitude larger. Results from a 2D model along a transect perpendicular to the shelf break showed a time-averaged onshelf energy flux of 153–425 W m−1, depending on the magnitude of the barotropic forcing. A divergence zone of the energy flux was found a few kilometre offshore of the location of the observations in the model results, and fluxes on the order of several kW m−1 were present in the deep waters further offshelf from the divergence zone. The modelled fluxes exhibited qualitative agreements with the phase and hourly onshelf magnitudes of the observed energy fluxes. Both the observations and the model results show an intermittent onshelf energy flux of 100–200 W m−1, but these waves could only propagate ∼20–30 km onshore before dissipating. This conclusion was supported by a 25-h dataset sampled some 180 km onto the shelf, where a weak wave energy flux was found going towards the shelf break. We therefore conclude that shelf break generated internal waves are unlikely to be the main source of energy for mixing on the inner part of the shelf. 相似文献
14.
Callum J. Hetherington Mattias Lundmark Stefan Graeser Reto Gieré 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(1):51-69
The petrographic and geochemical features of two zoisite–celsian gneiss outcrops from the Berisal Complex, characterised by
a syn-kinematic mineral assemblage that contains celsian and barium white micas and a maximum whole-rock BaO content of 8.36 wt%,
are described. The outcrops are enclosed in a larger body of garnet-bearing two-mica augen-gneiss, which has intrusive contacts
with the surrounding garnet–biotite–muscovite paragneiss, and also contains small outcrops of two-mica clinozoisite gneiss.
The zoisite–celsian gneisses are strongly enriched in all alkaline-earth elements, are depleted in the alkali elements, and
have high Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta ratios compared with the surrounding gneisses. The zoisite–celsian, two-mica clinozoisite, and garnet-bearing
two-mica augen-gneisses have Al/CNK molar ratios >1, and the zoisite–celsian gneisses are also enriched in Zr, Y, and Nb.
Chondrite-normalised patterns for the rare earth elements (REE) show light REE enrichment, with a negative Eu anomaly. On
the basis of field and geochemical data it is argued that the barium anomalies in the Berisal complex are the result of igneous
fractionation of barium into anorthosite-dominated cognate inclusions within a larger volume of calc-alkaline peraluminous
melt. On the basis of U–Pb zircon ages, a conservative estimate for the age of magma crystallisation is placed at 460 ± 10 Ma,
and thus was related to significant late Ordovician granitoid magmatism in Gondwana-derived microcontinents during collision
between Avalonia-Cadomia and Gondwana. 相似文献
15.
WANG Xinfeng WANG Tao Ravi Kant PATHAK Mattias HALLQUIST GAO Xiaomei NIE Wei XUE Likun GAO Jian GAO Rui ZHANG Qingzhu WANG Wenxing WANG Shulan CHAI Fahe CHEN Yizhen 《大气科学进展》2013,30(2):341-353
For the 2008 Olympic Games, drastic control measures were implemented on
industrial and urban emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides
(NOx) and other pollutants to address the issues of poor air quality in
Beijing. To investigate the effects of SO2 and NOx reductions on
the particulate sulfate and nitrate concentrations as well as their size
distributions, size-segregated aerosol samples were collected using
micro-orifice uniform deposit impactors (MOUDIs) at urban and downwind rural
sites in Beijing before and after full-scale controls. During the sampling
period, the mass concentrations of fine particles (PM1.8) at the urban
and rural sites were 94.0 and 85.9 μg m-3, respectively. More than
90% of the sulfates and ～60% of nitrates formed as fine
particles. Benefiting from the advantageous meteorological conditions and
the source controls, sulfates were observed in rather low concentrations and
primarily in condensation mode during the Olympics. The effects of the
control measures were separately analyzed for the northerly and the
southerly air-mass-dominated days to account for any bias. After the control
measures were implemented, PM, sulfates, and nitrates were significantly
reduced when the northerly air masses prevailed, with a higher percentage of
reduction in larger particles. The droplet mode particles, which dominated
the sulfates and nitrates before the controls were implemented, were
remarkably reduced in mass concentration after the control measures were
implemented. Nevertheless, when the polluted southerly air masses prevailed,
the local source control measures in Beijing did not effectively reduce the
ambient sulfate concentration due to the enormous regional contribution from
the North China Plain. 相似文献
16.
A petrochemical study of representative lavas from Vico, relative to their established stratigraphic succession, shows that the erupted magma was recurrent in composition. The predominant differentiation trend of the lava suite, illustrated by means of a principal component analysis (Le Maitre, 1968), leads to trachytic residual compositions which can be interpreted in terms of crystal fractionation processes under volcanic pressure regime. 相似文献
17.
Most of the rocks in Precambrian shield areas have experienced a complex structural and metamorphic evolution, processes which have a strong influence on bedrock quality. The properties vary on both a local and a regional scale. It is highly beneficial to know the variations in detail when exploiting the rocks for industrial purposes. The main objective of the investigation was to study the variation of rock mechanical properties in an originally more or less isotropic rock at various stages of ductile deformation. The rocks investigated were Paleoproterozoic and with ages of ca. 1.80-1.88 Ga, and the areas chosen for sampling were situated north-east of Lake Vänern (Kristinehamn; 10 samples), south of the city of Eskilstuna, South Central Sweden (5 samples) and south of Ödeshög, near Lake Vättern in southern Sweden (7 samples). The 12 samples from the latter two areas are described in this investigation, while the 10 samples from Kristinehamn have been published earlier (Göransson et al., 2004). A comprehensive study of various parameters of importance for bedrock quality has been performed on all samples, e.g. studded tyre test (STT) and Los Angeles test (LA), uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), ultrasonic velocity, perimeter measurements of mineral phases, and petrographic and chemical analyses. The weakly deformed and massive (more or less isotropic) rocks show a tendency towards better properties of abrasion (STT) than the strongly deformed rocks and this can also be said for UCS, reflecting the greater ability of rocks to split along foliation planes. This is not entirely unambiguous, as the more deformed rocks, such as the mylonites, may have varying properties. This depends on the combined effects of, e.g. grain size, recrystallisation and foliation. However, the brittleness (LA) shows somewhat better values with increased deformation. This may depend on higher amounts of dark minerals, as their existence does not affect this test as much as in the case of abrasion tests. The perimeter values of the mineral phases display generally higher values, i.e. grain boundaries for the more strongly deformed rocks are more complicated. However, the values for the investigated mylonites may vary between low and high. The lower value may be due to dynamic recrystallisation and the creation of triple points (static recrystallisation) making the rock weaker. Besides, the development of a strong foliation may decrease rock strength despite the usually finer grain size. The results show that it is extremely important to consider all possible variations of bedrock before classification and exploitation, as the bedrock material in fact is highly heterogeneous. 相似文献
18.
19.
Separation of Platinum from Palladium and Iridium in Iron Meteorites and Accurate High‐Precision Determination of Platinum Isotopes by Multi‐Collector ICP‐MS 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Alison C. Hunt Mattias Ek Maria Schönbächler 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2017,41(4):633-647
This study presents a new measurement procedure for the isolation of Pt from iron meteorite samples. The method also allows for the separation of Pd from the same sample aliquot. The separation entails a two‐stage anion‐exchange procedure. In the first stage, Pt and Pd are separated from each other and from major matrix constituents including Fe and Ni. In the second stage, Ir is reduced with ascorbic acid and eluted from the column before Pt collection. Platinum yields for the total procedure were typically 50–70%. After purification, high‐precision Pt isotope determinations were performed by multi‐collector ICP‐MS. The precision of the new method was assessed using the IIAB iron meteorite North Chile. Replicate analyses of multiple digestions of this material yielded an intermediate precision for the measurement results of 0.73 for ε192Pt, 0.15 for ε194Pt and 0.09 for ε196Pt (2 standard deviations). The NIST SRM 3140 Pt solution reference material was passed through the measurement procedure and yielded an isotopic composition that is identical to the unprocessed Pt reference material. This indicates that the new technique is unbiased within the limit of the estimated uncertainties. Data for three iron meteorites support that Pt isotope variations in these samples are due to exposure to galactic cosmic rays in space. 相似文献
20.
On the Gas Phase Reactions Between Volatile Biogenic Mercury Species and the Nitrate Radical 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Jonas Sommar Mattias Hallquist Evert Ljungström Oliver Lindqvist 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1997,27(3):233-247
Tropospheric mercury is dominated by gas phase species. In this paper, the gas phase reactions between the nitrate radical and volatile biogenic mercury species have been investigated. An upper limit for the gas phase rate coefficient for reaction between elemental mercury and NO3-radicals was determined to 4 × 10–15 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 by using the fast flow-discharge technique. The reaction between dimethyl mercury and NO3, previously shown to be rapid, has also been studied in the laboratory with respect to product distribution using FT-IR. The result from the product study is consistent with a transformation of dimethyl mercury into inorganic, divalent mercury. All carbon delivered as dimethyl mercury was transformed into formaldehyde, methanol and methyl peroxynitrate. Hg was observed as a minor (2%) product. By exclusion, HgO is proposed as the mercury-containing product. Thus, the reaction between dimethyl mercury and the nitrate radical is excluded as a source of monomethyl mercury species in the atmosphere. 相似文献