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991.
Romed Ruggenthaler Gertraud Meißl Clemens Geitner Georg Leitinger Nikolaus Endstrasser Friedrich Schöberl 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(7):1263-1279
ABSTRACTThis study presents an adaptation of the double-ring infiltrometer (DRI) device, which allows several infiltration experiments to be conducted at the same location. Hence, it becomes possible to use the DRI method to investigate infiltration behaviour under different initial soil moisture conditions. The main feature is the splitting of the inner ring into two parts. While the lower part remains in the soil throughout the investigation period, the upper part is attached to the lower one just before the infiltration experiment. This method was applied to eight test sites in an Alpine catchment, covering different land-use/cover types. The results demonstrated the applicability of the adapted system and showed correlations between total water infiltration and initial soil moisture conditions on pastures, independent of the underlying soil type. In contrast, no correlation was found at forest sites or wetlands. Thus, the study emphasizes the importance of paying special attention to the impact of initial soil moisture conditions on the infiltration—and consequently the runoff behaviour—at managed areas. Given the differences in the total infiltrated water of between 30 and 1306 mm, consideration of the interplay between initial soil moisture conditions, land-use/cover type, and soil properties in rainfall–runoff models is a prerequisite to predict runoff production accurately.
EDITOR Z.W. Kundzewicz; ASSOCIATE EDITOR not assigned 相似文献
992.
采用波函数展开法给出了半空间中柱面SH波在圆形衬砌洞室周围散射的解析解,并对解答的精度进行了分析。通过数值算例分析了入射频率、波源与洞室的距离、洞室埋深、衬砌刚度等对洞室衬砌动应力集中因子的影响。研究表明,柱面波在地下衬砌洞室周围的散射与平面波情况有着显著的差别,衬砌动应力集中因子和波源与洞室的距离密切相关;柱面波在全空间衬砌洞室周围的散射与半空间情况有着显著的差别,半空间地表对动应力集中因子有着重要影响。 相似文献
993.
武都四分量钻孔应变观测数据分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过对多年水位、应变观测数据分析发现,水位上升引起应变下降变化（压应力增加）,两者变化同步.在水位大幅度变化时段求取应变响应灵敏度系数K,由K值可以定量剔除水位变化对应变测值的干扰.利用两两正交的4道应变测值可以求取2组面应变值,曲线形态相似则说明4道元件测值可靠性高.武都钻孔应变2组面应变值变化趋势基本相同,总体呈现波动下降（压性）变化.由2007年、2008年应变测值计算差异值η,其绝对值的平均值为0.21,数值较小,说明武都应变仪工作稳定,所测数据基本可靠. 相似文献
994.
复杂气藏AVO属性交会含气性检测应用研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
乌审召地区沉积相带复杂多变、储层非均质性强、气层AVO响应多变,含气储层预测难度大.本文在精细岩石物理分析的基础上,选取具有明确岩石物理含义且对气层敏感的AVO属性,针对不同AVO分类井进行AVO正演建模和流体替代分析,研究该区AVO气层响应特征及属性交会规律,并确定了以NI和PR属性交会为核心的AVO气层检测方法及流程,为探索解决该区含气性预测难题提供了有价值的思路.利用这套方法,对该区储层进行了含气性检测,取得了良好效果. 相似文献
995.
反演问题的时空间分辨率或称时空分辨长度是评估模型精细程度的重要参数,决定了该模型应用的范围和价值,但是分辨长度估算却是比反演更复杂和麻烦的数学问题。除了层析成像中广泛利用理论模型恢复试验定性提取空间分辨长度外,通过求解分辨率矩阵可定量获得分辨长度。通过矩阵操作给出的分辨率矩阵包括三类：直接分辨率矩阵、正则化分辨率矩阵和混合分辨率矩阵。这三类矩阵包含了反演本身不同侧面的信息,因此在一个反演应用中,同时提供这三类分辨率矩阵可更全面地评估反演模型分辨率分布。最近An（2012）提出了从大量随机理论模型及其解中统计出分辨率矩阵的方法。这种分辨率矩阵是从模拟真实反演实验的输入和输出模型中通过反演得到的,因此这种分辨率矩阵更能反映整个反演所涉及到的更多因素和过程;同时由于这种分辨率矩阵计算过程无需进行矩阵操作且不依赖于具体正演和反演方法,因此可以被应用于更普遍的反演问题。实际应用证明统计分辨率分析方法适用于对二维和三维层析成像反演模型进行分辨率分析。 相似文献
996.
基于3S技术的锡林郭勒盟风沙灾害综合评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文从孕灾环境、致灾因子和承载体3个方面建立风沙灾害综合评价体系,利用内蒙古自然地理环境要素基础图件、锡林郭勒盟以及周边地区29个气象观测站点的多年气象资料和内蒙古统计年鉴等数据,应用协调模型对锡林郭勒盟风沙灾害进行综合评价研究。结果表明:锡林郭勒盟风沙灾害系统的协调性总体上由东北向西南呈越来越差之势,说明风沙灾害综合风险程度由东北向西南越来越大;锡林郭勒盟风沙灾害系统中属协调型和较协调型地区面积占全研究区的55.5%;属不协调型和极不协调型地区占全研究区的44.5%。可见,锡林郭勒盟风沙灾害子系统关系中,不协调型近占一半,政府和有关部门应提高防范意识,采取防治措施。 相似文献
997.
Ann Bostrom Robert E. O’Connor Gisela Böhm Daniel Hanss Otto Bodi Frida Ekström Pradipta Halder Sven Jeschke Birgit Mack Mei Qu Lynn Rosentrater Anethe Sandve Ingrid Sælensminde 《Global Environmental Change》2012,22(1):210-222
Few comparative international studies describe the climate change policies people are willing to support and the reasons for their support of different policies. Using survey data from 664 economics and business undergraduates in Austria, Bangladesh, Finland, Germany, Norway, and the United States, we explore how perceived risk characteristics and mental models of climate change influence support for policy alternatives. General green policies such as funding research on renewable technologies and planting trees were the overwhelmingly most popular policy alternatives. Around half the students support carbon reduction policies such as requiring higher car fuel efficiency and increasing taxes on fossil fuels. Least popular were engineering alternatives such as fertilizing the oceans and replacing fossil fuels with nuclear power. Variations among nations are generally small. Support for different policy alternatives corresponds with different causal thinking. Those who hold a pollution model of the causes of climate change, tend to blame environmental harms (e.g., air pollution from toxic chemicals), see general green policy alternatives as effective, and support general green policies. Support of carbon reduction strategies is associated with seeing carbon emissions as the cause and reducing carbon emissions as effective solutions. Support of engineering solutions increases with identifying volcanoes among causes and regarding engineering solutions as effective. Although these international students agree that climate change is a threatening problem, their causal thinking correlates with support for different mitigative policy actions, with the most popular ones not necessarily the most effective. 相似文献
998.
999.
Su Mei Liu Bing De Zhu Ying Wu Bing Deng Guan Qun Liu Jing Ling Ren 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(9):1591-1599
Inorganic or bulk organic chemical indicators, including organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen, organic nitrogen (ON), fixed ammonium (Nfix), exchangeable ammonium, exchangeable nitrate, organic phosphorus (OP), inorganic phosphorus (IP), and biogenic silica (BSi), were examined in a 3-m core collected in Jiaozhou Bay (JZB) to decipher how the environment has changed during the preceding two centuries of increasing anthropogenic influence in this region. Concentrations of BSi, OC, and OP reveal overall increases to ca.30 cm (∼1984), then decreased toward the surface, probably reflecting a decrease in the productivity of overlying waters since 1984. Aquaculture might play an important role in the decrease of nutrient elements in the upper layers recorded in sediments. The decreased molar BSi/OC ratios upcore may be due to a change in dominance from large- to small-sized diatoms, as shown in other research. However, the shift may also be related to changes from heavily-silicified to lightly-silicified diatoms or to non-siliceous forms such as dinoflagellates. ON concentrations increased towards the surface sediment, which is most likely consistent with the increase in fertilizer application and wastewater discharge. Concentrations of IP, total P, and Nfix all decreased conspicuously upcore at 41 cm depth (∼1977), and were largely consistent with the decrease in rainfall and freshwater discharge to JZB. Our data suggest that the environment has significantly changed since the1980s. Anthropogenic activities in the watersheds may exert a substantial influence on carbon cycling processes in estuaries and potentially the coastal ocean. 相似文献
1000.
In this study, the intestinal microbiota of kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus) was examined by molecular analysis of the 16S rDNA to identify the dominant intestinal bacteria and to investigate the effects
of Bacillus spp. on intestinal microbial diversity. Samples of the intestines of kuruma shrimp fed normal feed and Bacillus spp. amended feed. PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses were then performed on DNA extracted directly
from the guts. Population fingerprints of the predominant organisms were generated by DGGE analysis of the universal V3 16S
rDNA amplicons, and distinct bands in the gels were sequenced. The results suggested that the gut of kuruma shrimp was dominated
by Vibrio sp. and uncultured gamma proteobacterium. Overall, the results of this study suggest that PCR-DGGE is a possible method of studying the intestinal microbial diversity
of shrimp. 相似文献