Development and Application of Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Measurements of Biogenic Carbonates by Ion Microprobe   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Claire Rollion-Bard  Denis Mangin  Michel Champenois 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2007,31(1):39-50

The analytical capabilities of the ims 1270 ion microprobe (SIMS) in determining O and C isotope compositions in biogenic carbonate samples have been tested. Results indicated that, with a spot size of ≊ 30 μm, the average reproducibility at the 1s level was 0.3‰ for oxygen isotopes and 0.6‰ for carbon isotopes. Nevertheless, this reproducibility can reach 0.2‰ for oxygen isotope determinations during some sessions. These reproducibilities allowed us to perform analyses on biogenic carbonate samples for environmental studies. In this paper, examples of oxygen and carbon isotope measurements are presented for a modern coral and the Holocene scleractinian coral, Porites lutea.  相似文献   

Multiscale tomography of buried magnetic structures: its use in the localization and characterization of archaeological structures     

Ginette Saracco  Frédérique Moreau  Pierre-Etienne Mathé  Daniel Hermitte  Jean-Marie Michel 《Geophysical Journal International》2007,171(1):87-103

We have previously developed a method for characterizing and localizing 'homogeneous' buried sources, from the measure of potential anomalies at a fixed height above ground (magnetic, electric and gravity). This method is based on potential theory and uses the properties of the Poisson kernel (real by definition) and the continuous wavelet theory. Here, we relax the assumption on sources and introduce a method that we call the 'multiscale tomography'. Our approach is based on the harmonic extension of the observed magnetic field to produce a complex source by use of a complex Poisson kernel solution of the Laplace equation for complex potential field. A phase and modulus are defined. We show that the phase provides additional information on the total magnetic inclination and the structure of sources, while the modulus allows us to characterize its spatial location, depth and 'effective degree'. This method is compared to the 'complex dipolar tomography', extension of the Patella method that we previously developed. We applied both methods and a classical electrical resistivity tomography to detect and localize buried archaeological structures like antique ovens from magnetic measurements on the Fox-Amphoux site (France). The estimates are then compared with the results of excavations.  相似文献   

Method of leakage study at the karst dam site. A case study: Khersan 3 Dam,Iran   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zargham Mohammadi  Ezzatollah Raeisi  Michel Bakalowicz 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(6):1053-1065

The excellent topographic condition of the limestone canyons for dam construction may be rejected if they are karstified. Karst features cause the reservoir not to be impermeable enough to permit the water to fill it and leakage occurs and often increases with time. Moreover, karst features may involve the stability of the dam itself. A few operated dam sites at the Zagros Zone encountered a leakage problem. Furthermore, more than 30 dams are presently under study for construction in the Zagros Zone. Karst conditions and leakage potential were investigated at an under-study site (Khersan 3 Dam) for assessing the general methodology for the study of leakage potentials. Conventional methods for studying karst features, geological mapping, geomorphology and extensive borings were applied before the dam was constructed. These methods are not efficient enough to precisely reveal the karst structure, especially hidden and paleokarst, nor the hydrological behaviour of the karst structure in different settings of groundwater flow. Based on the present case study and previous applied approaches by other authors, this paper introduces a methodology by means of karst structure and functioning approaches at local and regional scales that cover the conventional methods and overcome their shortages. The proposed methodology should be applied before construction of a dam and should include three steps (a) recognition of geological and hydrogeological settings, (b) delineation and functioning of the karst system related to the future reservoir, and (c) assessment of the leakage potentials. Following this methodology, the most probable leakage zone(s) and path(s) at the dam site can be highlighted.  相似文献   

Complete Coulomb stress changes induced by the Ms7.6 earthquake in Lancang-Gengma,Yunnan and triggering of aftershocks by dynamic and static stress     

Wu XiaoPing  Hu XiongLin  Michel Bouchon  Huang Yong  Hu JiaFu  Xie ChaoDi  Wang ShaoJin  Hu YiLi 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2007,50(11):1655-1662

The spatiotemporal evolution patterns of complete Coulomb stress changes caused by 1988 Ms7.6 earthquake in Lancang-Gengma,Yunnan,are calculated and studied.And the triggering problems of Ms7.2 Gengma shock occurring 13 minutes after the main shock and of Ms5.0―6.9 aftershocks within 24 days after the main shock are discussed.The results show that the spatial distribution patterns of complete Coulomb stress changes of the Ms7.6 main shock are strongly asymmetric.The areas of positive dynamic and static Coulomb stress are both coincident well with the strong aftershocks' locations.The Ms7.2 Gengma shock and most of strong aftershocks are subjected to the triggering effect of dynamic and static Coulomb stresses induced by the Ms7.6 Lancang earthquake.  相似文献   

Evaluation of streambed hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity in an urban watershed   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Robert J. Ryan  Michel C. Boufadel 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2007,21(4):309-316

It has long been understood that streambed hydraulic conductivity plays an important role in surface-subsurface solute exchange. Using a portable falling head permeameter in situ, we estimated the horizontal hydraulic conductivity, K, of the near-surface streambed sediments at a total of 85 locations encompassing two depth intervals: 7.5–10 and 10–12.5 cm. The measurements were conducted in an 80 m reach of Indian Creek, a small urban stream in Philadelphia, PA, USA. We found that the ln K data within each sediment layer were Gaussian, but the combined data set was not. The results indicated that while the mean hydraulic conductivity decreased with depth, horizontal heterogeneity (e.g. the variance) increased with depth. This strong contrast between layers suggests that they should be treated as separated entities in modeling studies. Variogram analyses across the stream suggested symmetry with respect to the thalweg in the upper layer and fractality in the lower layer. The variograms along the streams suggested that the K data are random.  相似文献   

Fishing for facts on the environmental effects of trawling and dredge fisheries: Reply to L?kkeborg.     

John S Gray  Paul Dayton  Simon Thrush  Michel J Kaiser 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(4):497-500

  相似文献   

The oceanic substratum of Northern Luzon: Evidence from xenoliths within Monglo adakite (the Philippines)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Betchaida D.  Payot  Sebastien  Jego  Rene C.  Maury  Mireille  Polve  Michel  Gregoire  Georges  Ceuleneer  Rodolfo A.  Tamayo Jr  Graciano P.  Yumul Jr  Herve  Bellon  Joseph  Cotten 《Island Arc》2007,16(2):276-290

Abstract   A 8.65 Ma adakitic intrusive sheet exposed near Monglo village in the Baguio District of Northern Luzon contains a suite of ultramafic and mafic xenoliths including in order of abundance: spinel dunites showing typical mantle-related textures, mineral and bulk rock compositions, and serpentinites derived from them; amphibole-rich gabbros displaying incompatible element patterns similar to those of flat or moderately enriched back-arc basin basalt magmas; and amphibolites derived from metabasalts and/or metagabbros of identical affinity. A single quartz diorite xenolith carrying a similar subduction-related geochemical signature has also been sampled. One amphibolite xenolith provided a whole-rock K–Ar age of 115.6 Ma (Barremian). We attribute the origin of this suite to the sampling by ascending adakitic magmas of a Lower Cretaceous ophiolitic complex located at a depth within the 30–35 km thick Luzon crust. It could represent an equivalent of the Isabela-Aurora and Pugo-Lepanto ophiolitic massifs exposed in Northern Luzon.  相似文献   

Three-dimensional numerical modelling of thermal transfer through the Vittel aquifer (Vosges, France), including approximated topographical effects     

Michel Danis  Michel Quintard 《Geophysical Journal International》1989,96(2):343-351

Summary. A geothermal and hydrochemical anomaly was observed in the Lower Triassic sandstone aquifer in the Vittel region (Vosges, France). This anomaly was attributed to a hydrothermal spring under sedimentary cover. In order to localize the hot spring and to quantify more precisely its flow rate and temperature, it is necessary to consider the 3-D thermal problem by taking into account the complex geometry of the domain and the flow rate in the aquifer. A 3-D numerical model of thermal conductive and forced convective transfer, developed for hydrological problems including approximate geometrical and topographical effects, is used which (i) can be directly applied to geologic strata (aquifers) with varying thickness and top and base slope; and (ii) allows calculation of heat flux anomalies associated with fluid flow in such geologically realistic aquifers.
The heat transfer equation is formulated in an orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system. As most geometries dealing with geothermal phenomena in sedimentary basins are nearly horizontal, this formulation can be simplified, leading readily to numerical solution with a finite difference method. The application of the 3-D model to the Vittel aquifer gives temperature results in agreement with measurements. These results provide evidence for the importance of associated forced convection and topographical effects for ground temperature distribution, and show clearly that heat flow in many basins is interpretable only if careful hydrological and thermal studies are made.  相似文献   

Stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations at low levels: an assessment of reduction strategies and costs   总被引：2，自引：8，他引：2  

Detlef P. van Vuuren  Michel G. J. den Elzen  Paul L. Lucas  Bas Eickhout  Bart J. Strengers  Bas van Ruijven  Steven Wonink  Roy van Houdt 《Climatic change》2007,81(2):119-159

On the basis of the IPCC B2, A1b and B1 baseline scenarios, mitigation scenarios were developed that stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at 650, 550 and 450 and – subject to specific assumptions – 400 ppm CO₂-eq. The analysis takes into account a large number of reduction options, such as reductions of non-CO₂ gases, carbon plantations and measures in the energy system. The study shows stabilization as low as 450 ppm CO₂-eq. to be technically feasible, even given relatively high baseline scenarios. To achieve these lower concentration levels, global emissions need to peak within the first two decades. The net present value of abatement costs for the B2 baseline scenario (a medium scenario) increases from 0.2% of cumulative GDP to 1.1% as the shift is made from 650 to 450 ppm. On the other hand, the probability of meeting a two-degree target increases from 0%–10% to 20%–70%. The mitigation scenarios lead to lower emissions of regional air pollutants but also to increased land use. The uncertainty in the cost estimates is at least in the order of 50%, with the most important uncertainties including land-use emissions, the potential for bio-energy and the contribution of energy efficiency. Furthermore, creating the right socio-economic and political conditions for mitigation is more important than any of the technical constraints.  相似文献   

Reduced dynamic and kinematic precise orbit determination for the Swarm mission from 4 years of GPS tracking   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Oliver Montenbruck  Stefan Hackel  Jose van den Ijssel  Daniel Arnold 《GPS Solutions》2018,22(3):79

Precise science orbits for the first 4 years of the Swarm mission have been generated from onboard GPS measurements in a systematic reprocessing using refined models and processing techniques. Key enhancements relate to the introduction of macro-models for a more elaborate non-gravitational force modeling (solar radiation pressure, atmospheric drag and lift, earth albedo), as well as carrier phase ambiguity fixing. Validation using satellite laser ranging demonstrates a 30% improvement in the precision of the reduced dynamic orbits with resulting errors at the 0.5–1 cm level (1D RMS). A notable performance improvement is likewise achieved for the kinematic orbits, which benefit most from the ambiguity fixing and show a 50% error reduction in terms of SLR residuals while differences with respect to reduced dynamic ephemerides amount to only 1.7 cm (median of daily 3D RMS). Compared to the past kinematic science orbits based on float-ambiguity estimates, the new kinematic position solutions exhibit a factor of reduction of two to three in Allan deviation at time scales of 1000s and higher, and promise an improved recovery of low-degree and -order gravity field coefficients in Swarm gravity field analyses.  相似文献