Early Holocene in Gästrikland,east central Sweden: shore displacement and isostatic recovery     

Mikael Berglund 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2012,41(2):263-276

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Characteristic features of air ions at Mace Head on the west coast of Ireland     

Marko Vana  Mikael Ehn  Tuukka Petj  Henri Vuollekoski  Pasi Aalto  Gerrit de Leeuw  Darius Ceburnis  Colin D. O'Dowd  Markku Kulmala 《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(2-4):278-ICNAA07

Coastal nucleation events and behavior of cluster ions were characterized through the measurements of air ion mobility distributions at the Mace Head research station on the west coast of Ireland in 2006. We measured concentrations of cluster ions and charged aerosol particles in the size range of 0.34–40 nm. These measurements allow us to characterize freshly nucleated charged particles with diameters smaller than 3 nm. The analysis shows that bursts of intermediate ions (1.6–7 nm) are a frequent phenomenon in the marine coastal environment. Intermediate ion concentrations were generally close to zero, but during some nucleation episodes the concentrations increased to several hundreds per cm³. Nucleation events occurred during most of the measurement days. We classified all days into one of seven classes according to the occurrence and type of new particle formation. Nucleation events were observed during 207 days in 2006, most prominently in the spring and summer months. Rain-induced events, in turn, were observed during 132 days. Particle formation and growth events mostly coincided with the presence of low tide. Also small cluster ions (0.34–1.6 nm) were characterized. Average concentrations of small ions were 440 cm^− 3 for the negative ions and 423 cm^− 3 for the positive ions. Average mean mobilities of small ions were 1.86 cm²V^− 1s^− 1 and 1.49 cm²V^− 1s^− 1 for the negative and positive polarities, respectively. Concentrations of small ions were observed to be strongly dependent on the variations of meteorological parameters including wind speed and direction.  相似文献   

Evaluation of perfluoromethyldecalin as a deliberate tracer for the study of water mixing processes     

Elisabet Fogelqvist  Mikael Krysell  Peder hman 《Marine Chemistry》1989,26(4)

A deliberate tracer experiment has been carried out in an enclosed lagoon in a coastal area. The tracer used was a perfluorocarbon, perfluoro- -methyldecalin (PMD), analysed using liquid-liquid extraction and electron capture gas chromatography. The results show good recovery of the tracer, indicating that adsorption and volatilization did not occur to an appreciable extent over the short time period of the experiment. A mathematical model, PHOENICS, developed for simulation of flow systems, was used to simulate the experiment.  相似文献   

Naturally and anthropogenically produced bromoform in the Kattegatt,a semi-enclosed oceanic basin     

Elisabet Fogelqvist  Mikael Krysell 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1991,13(4):315-324

The origin of bromoform in seawater and atmosphere, as well as possible sinks and breakdown mechanisms, is discussed. A bromoform budget is calculated for the Kattegatt area between Sweden and Denmark, where the input of bromoform from a power plant is significant. Both anthropogenically (250×10⁶ g yr^-1) and biogenically (350×10⁶ g yr^-1, 0.016 g m^-2 yr^-1) produced bromoform is likely to have a great impact locally on the inventory and the release to the atmosphere. Using measured surface concentrations of bromoform, the total annual release from the Kattegatt to the atmosphere is estimated to 550×10⁶ g (0.025 g m^-2 yr^-1).  相似文献   

Quantitative evaluation of different hydrological modelling approaches in a partly glacierized Swiss watershed     

Jan Magnusson  Daniel Farinotti  Tobias Jonas  Mathias Bavay 《水文研究》2011,25(13):2071-2084

Mountain water resources management often requires hydrological models that need to handle both snow and ice melt. In this study, we compared two different model types for a partly glacierized watershed in central Switzerland: (1) an energy‐balance model primarily designed for snow simulations; and (2) a temperature‐index model developed for glacier simulations. The models were forced with data extrapolated from long‐term measurement records to mimic the typical input data situation for climate change assessments. By using different methods to distribute precipitation, we also assessed how various snow cover patterns influenced the modelled runoff. The energy‐balance model provided accurate discharge estimations during periods dominated by snow melt, but dropped in performance during the glacier ablation season. The glacier melt rates were sensitive to the modelled snow cover patterns and to the parameterization of turbulent heat fluxes. In contrast, the temperature‐index model poorly reproduced snow melt runoff, but provided accurate discharge estimations during the periods dominated by glacier ablation, almost independently of the method used to distribute precipitation. Apparently, the calibration of this model compensated for the inaccurate precipitation input with biased parameters. Our results show that accurate estimates of snow cover patterns are needed either to correctly constrain the melt parameters of the temperature‐index model or to ensure appropriate glacier surface albedos required by the energy‐balance model. Thus, particularly when only distant meteorological stations are available, carefully selected input data and efficient extrapolation methods of meteorological variables improve the reliability of runoff simulations in high alpine watersheds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The Evolution of Giant Oil Field Production Behavior     

Mikael Höök  Bengt Söderbergh  Kristofer Jakobsson  Kjell Aleklett 《Natural Resources Research》2009,18(1):39-56

The giant oil fields of the world are only a small fraction of the total number of fields, but their importance is huge. Over 50% of the world’s oil production came from giants by 2005 and more than half of the world’s ultimate reserves are found in giants. Based on this, it is reasonable to assume that the future development of the giant oil fields will have a significant impact on the world oil supply. In order to better understand the giant fields and their future behavior, one must first understand their history. This study has used a comprehensive database on giant oil fields in order to determine their typical parameters, such as the average decline rate and life-times of giants. The evolution of giant oil field behavior has been investigated to better understand future behavior. One conclusion is that new technology and production methods have generally led to high depletion rates and rapid decline. The historical trend points towards high decline rates of fields currently on plateau production. The peak production generally occurs before half the ultimate reserves have been produced in giant oil fields. A strong correlation between depletion-at-peak and average decline rate is also found, verifying that high depletion rate leads to rapid decline. Our result also implies that depletion analysis can be used to rule out unrealistic production expectations from a known reserve, or to connect an estimated production level to a needed reserve base.  相似文献   

Estimating the snow water equivalent from snow depth measurements in the Swiss Alps   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

T. Jonas  C. Marty  J. Magnusson   《Journal of Hydrology》2009,378(1-2):161-167

The snow water equivalent (SWE) characterizes the hydrological significance of snow cover. However, measuring SWE is time-consuming, thus alternative methods of determining SWE may be useful. SWE can be calculated from snow depth if the bulk snow density is known. Thus, a reliable estimation method of snow densities could (a) potentially save a lot of effort by, at least partly, sampling snow depth instead of SWE, and would (b) allow snow hydrological evaluations, when only snow depth data are available. To generate a useful parameterization of the bulk density a large dataset was analyzed covering snow densities and depths measured biweekly over five decades at 37 sites throughout the Swiss Alps. Four factors were identified to affect the bulk snow density: season, snow depth, site altitude, and site location. These factors constitute a convenient set of input variables for a snow density model developed in this study. The accuracy of estimating SWE using our model is shown to be equivalent to the variability of repeated SWE measurements at one site. The technique may therefore allow a more efficient but indirect sampling of the SWE without necessarily affecting the data quality.  相似文献   

Trends in U.S. Recoverable Coal Supply Estimates and Future Production Outlooks     

Mikael Höök  Kjell Aleklett 《Natural Resources Research》2010,19(3):189-208

The geological coal resource of the U.S. is abundant and proved coal reserves are listed as the world’s largest. However, the reserves are unevenly distributed and located in a small number of states, giving them major influence over future production. A long history of coal mining provides detailed time series of production and reserve estimates, which can be used to identify historical trends. In reviewing the historical evolution of coal reserves, one can state that the trend here does not point toward any major increases in available recoverable reserves; rather the opposite is true due to restrictions and increased focus on environmental impacts from coal extraction. Future coal production will not be entirely determined by what is geologically available, but rather by the fraction of that amount that is practically recoverable. Consequently, the historical trend toward reduced recoverable amounts is likely to continue into the future, with even stricter regulations imposed by increased environmental concern. Long-term outlooks can be created in many ways, but ultimately the production must be limited by recoverable volumes since coal is a finite resource. The geologic amounts of coal are of much less importance to future production than the practically recoverable volumes. The geological coal supply might be vast, but the important question is how large the share that can be extracted under present restrictions are and how those restrictions will develop in the future. Production limitations might therefore appear much sooner than previously expected.  相似文献   

Timing and genesis of base-metal mineralisation in black shales of the Upper Permian Ravnefjeld Formation,Wegener Halvø, East Greenland     

Mikael?PedersenEmail author  Jesper?K.?Nielsen  Adrian?J.?Boyce  Anthony?E.?Fallick 《Mineralium Deposita》2003,38(1):108-123

Bituminous mud shales of the Upper Permian Ravnefjeld Formation (Zechstein 1 equivalent) are mineralised with zinc, lead and copper within a ca. 50 km² area on Wegener Halvø in central East Greenland. The occurrence of base-metal sulphides in shale nodules cemented prior to compaction indicates an early commencement of base-metal mineralisation. In other cases, post-compactional sulphide textures are observed. Homogeneous lead isotope signatures of galena and sphalerite from the shales (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 18.440–18.466; ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 16.554–16.586; ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb: 38.240–38.326) suggest that all base metals were introduced during a single hydrothermal event. Therefore, post-compactional textures are believed to result from recrystallisation of early diagenetic sulphides during deep burial in the Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary. Lead isotope signatures of galena hosted in Upper Permian carbonate build-ups are relatively heterogeneous compared to those of the shale-hosted sulphides. The observed relations indicate a shared lead source for the two types of mineralisation, but different degrees of homogenisation during mineralisation. This suggests that lead was introduced to the carbonate rocks and black shales during two separate events. δ³⁴S of base-metal sulphides in the Ravnefjeld Formation lie between –12 and –4‰, whereas synsedimentary and early diagenetic pyrite in unmineralised shales in general have δ³⁴S between –47 and –16.5‰. Early diagenetic pyrite in the Wegener Halvø area in general has δ³⁴S 15 to 20‰ higher than the same pyrite morphotype in Triaselv in the western part of the basin. This relatively high δ³⁴S can be explained by extensive microbial sulphate reduction within persistent euxinic (super-anoxic) bottom waters under which supply of isotopically light seawater sulphate (and disproportionation of intermediate sulphur compounds) was restricted. The sulphur in the base-metal sulphides is believed to represent sulphide-dominated pore water, enriched in ³⁴S due to preferential removal of ³²S by sulphate-reducing bacteria and precipitation of diagenetic pyrite in the near-seafloor environment. We suggest that the sulphide-dominated pore water was trapped in the shale formation prior to introduction of base-metal-bearing fluids through fractures in the underlying carbonates, and that sulphide precipitation took place when the two fluids met. δ³⁴S values of carbonate-hosted base-metal sulphides fall within the same range as the shale-hosted ones. The relationship between barite and sulphides and evidence for pre-mineralisation entrapment of liquid hydrocarbons in the carbonates suggest that the sulphide in this case is derived by in-situ thermochemical sulphate reduction (TSR). Measured fractionation between sulphide and sulphate ranges from 18.5 to 24.4‰, suggesting temperatures of TSR around 70 to 100 °C. Vitrinite reflectance measurements in mineralised shale samples are all between 1.7 and 2.0%, except for samples taken close to a Tertiary dyke giving ca. 3.0%. Vitrinite reflectance data are comparable to previously published data from unmineralised shale samples in the area and could not be proven to correlate with the degree of mineralisation. This indicates that any early hydrothermal effect has been overprinted later, probably during deep burial in the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary as previously proposed.  相似文献   

Dormancy in freshwater zooplankton: Induction,termination and the importance of benthic-pelagic coupling   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Mikael?Gyllstr?mEmail author  Lars-Anders?Hansson 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2004,66(3):274-295

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