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71.
A total of 163 free-field acceleration time histories recorded at epicentral distances of up to 200 km from 32 earthquakes with moment magnitudes ranging from M w 4.9 to 7.4 have been used to investigate the predictive capabilities of the local, regional, and next generation attenuation (NGA) ground-motion prediction equations and determine their applicability for northern Iran. Two different statistical approaches, namely the likelihood method (LH) of Scherbaum et al. (Bull Seismol Soc Am 94:341–348, 2004) and the average log-likelihood method (LLH) of Scherbaum et al. (Bull Seismol Soc Am 99:3234–3247, 2009), have been applied for evaluation of these models. The best-fitting models (considering both the LH and LLH results) over the entire frequency range of interest are those of Ghasemi et al. (Seismol 13:499–515, 2009a) and Soghrat et al. (Geophys J Int 188:645–679, 2012) among the local models, Abrahamson and Silva (Earthq Spectra 24:67–97, 2008) and Chiou and Youngs (Earthq Spectra 24:173–215, 2008) among the NGA models, and finally Akkar and Bommer (Seism Res Lett 81:195–206, 2010) among the regional models. 相似文献
72.
A tomographic imagery segmentation methodology for three-phase geomaterials based on simultaneous region growing 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Mir Amid Hashemi Ghonwa Khaddour Bertrand François Thierry J. Massart Simon Salager 《Acta Geotechnica》2014,9(5):831-846
X-ray computed tomography is a powerful non-destructive technique used in many domains to obtain the three-dimensional representation of objects, starting from the reconstitution of two-dimensional images of radiographic scanning. This technique is now able to analyze objects within a few micron resolutions. Consequently, X-ray microcomputed tomography opens perspectives for the analysis of the fabric of multiphase geomaterials such as soils, concretes, rocks and ceramics. To be able to characterize the spatial distribution of the different phases in such complex and disordered materials, automated phase recognition has to be implemented through image segmentation. A crucial difficulty in segmenting images lies in the presence of noise in the obtained tomographic representation, making it difficult to assign a specific phase to each voxel of the image. In the present study, simultaneous region growing is used to reconstitute the three-dimensional segmented image of granular materials. First, based on a set of expected phases in the image, regions where specific phases are sure to be present are identified, leaving uncertain regions of the image unidentified. Subsequently, the identified regions are grown until growing phases meet each other with vanishing unidentified regions. The method requires a limited number of manual parameters that are easily determined. The developed method is illustrated based on three applications on granular materials, comparing the phase volume fractions obtained by segmentation with macroscopic data. It is demonstrated that the algorithm rapidly converges and fills the image after a few iterations. 相似文献
73.
Aliakbar Hajimohammadi Seyed Majdeddin Mir Mohammad Hosseini Akbar Cheshomi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(4):813-820
Shear wave velocity is one of the important factors representing the dynamic characteristics of soil layers. Hence, many researchers
have focused their studies on determining shear wave velocity by direct field measurements or expressions developed by other
soil parameters. The shear module and damping ratio of the soil layers also play a similar role in the majority of dynamic
soil response analyses. Nevertheless, since they have to be measured in the laboratory by resonant column or cyclic triaxial
tests on undisturbed samples, the possibility of preparing such samples and the reliability of the obtained results are of
great concerns. In the present study, great effort has been made to determine the above dynamic factors by means of field
data obtained from a versatile instrument, namely the seismic piezocone (SPCTU), and to derive expressions correlating them with some parameters obtainable by much simpler instruments. The reliability
of laboratory measurements on undisturbed samples is also evaluated. The seismic piezocone test apparatus has been employed
to evaluate the soil properties at 1-m depth intervals by means of measuring tip resistance, sleeve resistance, pore pressure
and shear wave velocity. The shear module and the damping ratio are calculated using field data. Meanwhile, in order to assess
the laboratory measurements of these parameters, some resonant column tests and cyclic triaxial tests on undisturbed samples
of the same soil layers have been carried out. In order to compare the field results of shear modulus and damping ratios with
those obtained from laboratory tests, the influences of the soil nature and sample disturbance on the conventional laboratory
methods are evaluated and discussed. The shear wave velocity is correlated to overburden pressure and the corrected tip resistance
for two groups of fine soils, namely silty clays and carbonate clayey silts, which mainly cover the areas under study in this
project, are located in southern parts of Iran near the Persian Gulf. According to the results of the present study, there
are narrow limits of shear modulus regarding soils for which the laboratory tests and the field measurements yield approximately
the same shear modulus. This limit of shear modulus is about 30–50(MPa) for clay deposits and 70–100 (MPa) for sandy deposits.
Also the shear wave velocity can be calculated by a simple expression from total overburden pressure and the tip resistance
of simple cone penetration test results conventionally available in many soil explorations prior to engineering practices.
However, if the pore pressure inside the saturated soil deposits can be measured by a piezocone apparatus, the shear wave
velocity may be calculated using another suggested equation in terms of effective overburden pressure in the present study.
Regarding the shear module and the damping ratio, due to the disturbances of the stiff deposits in the sampling process and
great deviations of laboratory results from field results, the laboratory measurements of these parameters out of the above
limits are not recommended. 相似文献
74.
Statistical Relationship Between UVB(280-320nm) and Broadband Solar Radiation(295-2800nm) at a Subtropical Location(Qena,Egypt) 
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下载免费PDF全文 The present study quantifies the relationship between ultraviolet-B(UVB) and broadband solar radiation(G) at Qena,Egypt.Data from 10-year hourly integrated totals for both UVB and G on a horizontal surface were used to determine the best fit between the two radiation types.On the basis of the correlation of determination(r2),a second-order polynomial was determined to provide the best fit.For the purpose of developing an empirical model to estimate UVB,all of the cases of UVB and G from a nine-year study from 2001 to 2009 were introduced.Monthly and seasonal empirical models,as well as a general expression,were established for UVB as a function of G.The values of r2 ranged from 0.90 to 0.97.By using a new dataset of G,the estimated and the corresponding measured values of UVB were determined to be in good agreement whereby the values of r2 between the two ranged from 0.91 to 0.98.In addition,the significance and performance of the regression forms were evaluated with the aid of several statistical analysis procedures.The values of the index of modeling(d) and coefficient of modeling efficiency(ME) were close to one.Moreover,the values of RMSE,mean bias error(MBE),and mean absolute error(MAE) were lower than the experimental errors.On the basis of this analysis,it has been determined that the suggested regression forms can be used to estimate UVB when it difficult to obtain measurements or when measurements are available only for limited periods at the studied region. 相似文献
75.
T. Amani Ph.D. M. Nosrati Ph.D. S. M. Mousavi Ph.D. R. K. Kermanshahi Ph.D. 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2011,8(1):83-96
Volatile fatty acids are the most important intermediates in anaerobic digestion, and their degradations are extremely complicated thermodynamically. In this research, syntrophic anaerobic digestion of volatile fatty acids using enriched acetogenic and methanogenic cultures in a batch reactor at mesophilic conditions was investigated. Interactive effects of key microbiological and operating variables (propionic, butyric and acetic acids, retention time and methanogen to acetogen populations ratio) on the anaerobic degradation of volatile fatty acids were analyzed. Acetogenic and methanogenic anaerobes in the granular sludge from an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor were enriched at mesophilic conditions within a period of four weeks, separately. Enriched cultures were mixed with known proportions and then used in the bioreactor. Experiments were carried out based on central composite design and analyzed using response surface methodology. Four parameters (final concentrations of propionic, butyric and acetic acids and biogas production) were directly measured as response. Also, the optimum conditions for volatile fatty acid degradation were found to be 937.5 mg/L, 3275.5 mg/L, 2319.5 mg/L, 45 h and 2.2 proportions for propionic acid, butyric acid, acetic acid, retention time and methanogen to acetogen populations ratio, respectively (corresponding to maximum volatile fatty acid removal efficiencies and biogas production). The results of the verification experiment and the predicted values from the fitted correlations at the optimum conditions were in close agreement at a 95% confidence interval. The present study provides valuable information about the interrelations of quality and process parameters at different values of microbiological and operating variables. 相似文献
76.
An appropriate multiple criteria decision making method for solving electricity planning problems, addressing sustainability issue 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
N. Bagheri Moghaddam M. Nasiri S. M. Mousavi 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2011,8(3):605-620
In the past, decision making within the energy sector, especially in Iran, was limited to economic analysis. Lately, multiple criteria decision making has gained great popularity. However, this is not enough to make a right decision by considering sustainability. This paper deals with designing an appropriate multiple criteria decision making method to address the multifaceted nature of such problems. This task is the second precondition to make a decision which meets the sustainability criterion. This is done by revealing new facts about quantitative and qualitative data and the degree of compensation between the criteria. Moreover, this paper illustrates the capability of different methods with regard to sustainable energy planning and management in two steps: 1) comparison of two main approaches in the strategic energy planning context; 2) evaluation of multi attribute decision making methods and combining them. Combining four methods including Analytical hierarchy process, Preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation II, geometric mean and weighted sum seems to result in designing an appropriate method which meets the sustainability criterion. These contributions are proposed for comparing the renewable energy technologies with non-renewable ones. Nevertheless, these seem to be applicable in any comparison between discrete alternatives in the energy sector. 相似文献
77.
A. Santos Silva T. Cruz M. J. Paiva A. Candeias P. Adriano N. Schiavon J. A. P. Mirão 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(7-8):1641-1650
Historical mortars from sixteenth to seventeenth century military forts located at the mouth of the Tagus River in Lisbon have been characterized by polarized light microscopy (PLM), thermal analysis (TG/DTA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy + energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM + EDS). The results indicate that the mortars used were all hydraulic lime-based. The presence of well-rounded lime lumps indicates a limited use of water during the lime hydration process. The detection of hydrated calcium chloroaluminate and carboaluminate compounds mostly at binder-aggregate interfaces provides evidence for the onset of pozzolanic reactions during mortar production as further confirmed by the presence of ceramic fragments in the aggregate fractions intentionally added by the fort builders to increase the hydraulic properties of the mortars. The higher mechanical strength and greater resistance to degradation processes imparted by these pozzolanic compounds could explain why, despite the extreme proximity of the investigated sites to the sea, salt weathering processes do not appear to have significantly affected the studied mortars. 相似文献
78.
Belize Lane Irene Garousi-Nejad Melissa A. Gallagher David G. Tarboton Emad Habib 《水文研究》2021,35(7):e14273
The era of ‘big data’ promises to provide new hydrologic insights, and open web-based platforms are being developed and adopted by the hydrologic science community to harness these datasets and data services. This shift accompanies advances in hydrology education and the growth of web-based hydrology learning modules, but their capacity to utilize emerging open platforms and data services to enhance student learning through data-driven activities remains largely untapped. Given that generic equations may not easily translate into local or regional solutions, teaching students to explore how well models or equations work in particular settings or to answer specific problems using real data is essential. This article introduces an open web-based module developed to advance data-driven hydrologic process learning, targeting upper level undergraduate and early graduate students in hydrology and engineering. The module was developed and deployed on the HydroLearn open educational platform, which provides a formal pedagogical structure for developing effective problem-based learning activities. We found that data-driven learning activities utilizing collaborative open web platforms like CUAHSI HydroShare and JupyterHub to store and run computational notebooks allowed students to access and work with datasets for systems of personal interest and promoted critical evaluation of results and assumptions. Initial student feedback was generally positive, but also highlighted challenges including trouble-shooting and future-proofing difficulties and some resistance to programming and new software. Opportunities to further enhance hydrology learning include better articulating the benefits of coding and open web platforms upfront, incorporating additional user-support tools, and focusing methods and questions on implementing and adapting notebooks to explore fundamental processes rather than tools and syntax. The profound shift in the field of hydrology toward big data, open data services and reproducible research practices requires hydrology instructors to rethink traditional content delivery and focus instruction on harnessing these datasets and practices in the preparation of future hydrologists and engineers. 相似文献
79.
The capacity of a gravity structure to counter seismically induced overturning can only be estimated with good accuracy using a dynamic analysis of the rotational (rocking) motion involving large displacement theory. Seismic assessment employing quasi‐static analysis can be overly conservative if the reserve capacity of this type of rocking structure to displace without overturning is not taken into account. It was revealed through dynamic testing on a shaking table that the overturning hazards of ground shaking are best represented by the peak displacement demand (PDD) parameter and that the vulnerability to overturning instability decreases with the increasing size of the object when the aspect ratio is held constant. This finding has important implications on the engineering of structures for countering moderate ground shaking in regions of low and moderate seismicity. Experimental data were validated and supplemented by computer simulations that involved generating artificial accelerograms of designated earthquake scenarios and non‐linear time‐history analyses of the overturning motions. Based on these simulations, fragility curves were constructed for estimating the probability of overturning for given levels of PDD and for different specimen dimensions. An expression was developed for estimating the level of PDD required to overturn rectangular objects of given dimensions for 5% probability of exceedance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
80.
Global warming and hurricanes: the potential impact of hurricane intensification and sea level rise on coastal flooding 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
Mir Emad Mousavi Jennifer L. Irish Ashley E. Frey Francisco Olivera Billy L. Edge 《Climatic change》2011,104(3-4):575-597
Tens of millions of people around the world are already exposed to coastal flooding from tropical cyclones. Global warming has the potential to increase hurricane flooding, both by hurricane intensification and by sea level rise. In this paper, the impact of hurricane intensification and sea level rise are evaluated using hydrodynamic surge models and by considering the future climate projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. For the Corpus Christi, Texas, United States study region, mean projections indicate hurricane flood elevation (meteorologically generated storm surge plus sea level rise) will, on average, rise by 0.3 m by the 2030s and by 0.8 m by the 2080s. For catastrophic-type hurricane surge events, flood elevations are projected to rise by as much as 0.5 m and 1.8 m by the 2030s and 2080s, respectively. 相似文献