Spatial distribution of livestock in Pakistan     

Akhtar H. Siddiqi 《Geoforum》1977,8(1):33-38

Livestock are of vital importance in the rural economy of Pakistan. However, there are marked regional variations in the emphasis placed on the different livestock enterprises. Recognition of these variations is the basic objective of this study. From the standpoint of cattle breeding, the ranking of the animals permits an understanding of the livestock holders' preferences for different types of animals to raise in different areas. To focus on the regional variations in the livestock patterns in Pakistan, the livestock combination areas have been established. Any program which may be introduced for the improvement of animal industry in Pakistan should take cognizance of such regionalization.  相似文献   

Gamow-Teller strength distributions and neutrino energy loss rates due to chromium isotopes in stellar matter     

Jameel-Un Nabi  Ramoona Shehzadi  Muhammad Fayaz 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2016,361(3):95

  相似文献   

Source Sector Contributions to Aerosol Levels in Pakistan          下载免费PDF全文

Muhammad Zeeshaan SHAHID  LIAO Hong  QIU Yu-Lu  Imran SHAHID 《大气和海洋科学快报》2015,8(5)

Urban air pollution in Pakistan is a serious challenge and it causes significant damage to human health and ecosystems. This paper presents a modelling study using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with Chemistry(WRF-Chem) to simulate the spatial distributions and temporal variations of aerosol concentrations over Pakistan, focusing on contributions of domestic emission sectors(transport, industry, residential, and energy) to mass concentrations of sulfate(SO2–4), nitrate(NO–3), ammonium(NH+4), black carbon(BC), and organic carbon(OC) during the months of January, April, July, and October in 2010. Sensitivity studies indicate that, averaged over January, April, July, and October of 2010, energy and industry sectors have the largest contributions to SO2–4 concentrations, each of which contributes about 10%?20% to SO2– 4over the polluted eastern Pakistan. The contributions from residential and transport sectors to NO–3 concentrations reach 40%?50% in central Pakistan. The residential sector has the highest contribution of 50%–80% to BC and OC loading in northeastern and southern Pakistan. Examination of sector contributions to aerosol levels in Lahore, the most polluted city in Pakistan, suggests that reductions in emissions in the residential sector should be an efficient measure for improving particulate matter air quality in this region.  相似文献   

A multi-proxy reconstruction of spatial and temporal variations in Asian summer temperatures over the last millennium   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Feng?Shi  Quansheng?GeEmail author  Bao?Yang  Jianping?Li  Fengmei?Yang  Fredrik?Charpentier?Ljungqvist  Olga?Solomina  Takeshi?Nakatsuka  Ninglian?Wang  Sen?Zhao  Chenxi?Xu  Keyan?Fang  Masaki?Sano  Guoqiang?Chu  Zexin?Fan  Narayan?P.?Gaire  Muhammad?Usama?Zafar 《Climatic change》2015,131(4):663-676

To investigate climate variability in Asia during the last millennium, the spatial and temporal evolution of summer (June–July–August; JJA) temperature in eastern and south-central Asia is reconstructed using multi-proxy records and the regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) algorithm with truncated total least squares (TTLS), under a point-by-point regression (PPR) framework. The temperature index reconstructions show that the late 20th century was the warmest period in Asia over the past millennium. The temperature field reconstructions illustrate that temperatures in central, eastern, and southern China during the 11th and 13th centuries, and in western Asia during the 12th century, were significantly higher than those in other regions, and comparable to levels in the 20th century. Except for the most recent warming, all identified warm events showed distinct regional expressions and none were uniform over the entire reconstruction area. The main finding of the study is that spatial temperature patterns have, on centennial time-scales, varied greatly over the last millennium. Moreover, seven climate model simulations, from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5), over the same region of Asia, are all consistent with the temperature index reconstruction at the 99 % confidence level. Only spatial temperature patterns extracted as the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) from the GISS-E2-R and MPI-ESM-P model simulations are significant and consistent with the temperature field reconstruction over the past millennium in Asia at the 90 % confidence level. This indicates that both the reconstruction and the simulations depict the temporal climate variability well over the past millennium. However, the spatial simulation or reconstruction capability of climate variability over the past millennium could be still limited. For reconstruction, some grid points do not pass validation tests and reveal the need for more proxies with high temporal resolution, accurate dating, and sensitive temperature signals, especially in central Asia and before AD 1400.  相似文献   

A study of aerosol properties over Lahore (Pakistan) by using AERONET data     

Muhammad Ali  Salman Tariq  Khalid Mahmood  Asim Daud  Adila Batool  Zia-ul-Haq 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2014,50(2):153-162

It is well established that aerosols affect the climate in a variety of ways. In order to understand these effects, we require an insight into the properties of aerosols. In this paper we present a study of aerosol properties such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), single scattering albedo (SSA) and aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) over mega city of Lahore (Pakistan). The data from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) have been used for the period December 2009 to October 2011. The seasonal average values of AOD, asymmetry parameter (ASY) and volume size distribution in coarse mode were observed to be highest in summer. On the other hand, the average values of Angstrom exponent (AE) and imaginary part of refractive index (RI) were found to be maximum in winter. The average value of real part of RI was found to be higher in spring than in all other seasons. The SSA exhibited an increasing trend with wavelength in the range 440 nm–1020 nm in spring, summer and fall indicating the dominance of coarse particles (usually dust). However, a decreasing trend was found in winter in the range 675 nm–1020 nm pointing towards the dominance of biomass and urban/industrial aerosols. As far as aerosol radiative forcing (ARF) is concerned, we have found that during the spring season ARF was lowest at the surface of Earth and highest at top of the atmosphere (TOA). This indicates that the atmosphere was warmer in spring than in all the remaining seasons.  相似文献   

Newly discovered mud volcanoes in the Coastal Belt of Makran,Pakistan—tectonic implications   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Akhtar M. Kassi  Shuhab D. Khan  Huseyin Bayraktar  Aimal K. Kasi 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(11):4899-4909

The Makran accretionary wedge has a much larger number of mud volcanoes then those reported earlier. Using high-resolution satellite images, over 70 active mud volcanoes were identified. These mud volcanoes occur within a well-defined zone; we call it the Makran zone of active mud volcanoes (MZAMV), which is parallel to the regional trend of the accretionary wedge. Mud volcanoes within the zone occur as clusters, which form linear belts parallel to the regional thrusts associated with anticlines. The MZAMV zone also includes the offshore mud volcanoes occurring in the shallow shelf area, including the recurrently emerging mud islands. Several occurrences of thick deposits of old mud volcanoes (Pleistocene or even older) are also present within this zone, which also display recognizable features that are characteristic of the fossil mud volcanoes. We propose that the MZAMV developed and evolved in response to the continued compression within the Makran accretionary wedge, which in turn, is a response of the subduction process. Mud diapirism has been an ongoing phenomena since Pleistocene or even earlier. The events of enhanced mud extrusion in mud volcanoes and/or emergence of island(s) have relevance with seismic phenomena and, therefore, may be closely monitored.  相似文献   

Shigar valley gemstones,their chemical composition and origin,Skardu, Gilgit-Baltistan,Pakistan     

Muhammad Hassan Agheem  Mohammad Tahir Shah  Tahseenullah Khan  Mamoru Murata  Muhammad Arif  Humaira Dars 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(9):3801-3814

A variety of gemstones is being mined in the Shigar valley, Skardu, Pakistan. These include beryl (goshenite and aquamarine), tourmaline (schorl), garnet (almandine–spessartine), apatite, topaz, fluorite, zoisite, clinozoisite, and axinite, mostly occurring in complex or zoned pegmatites and metamorphic rocks. These have been analyzed using electron probe micro-analyzer and X-ray diffractometer. The mineral chemistry of each gemstone is similar to its respective typical gemstone variety with homogenous chemical composition. Field and chemical characteristics suggest that beryl, tourmaline, garnet, apatite, topaz, and fluorite are occurring in zoned pegmatites which are largely formed by magmatic hydrothermal fluids in the cavities and vugs within the intermediate zone. However, zoisite, clinozoisite, and axinite may have a metamorphic and/or metasomatic origin.  相似文献   

Uranium (U) concentration and its genetic significance in the phosphorites of the Paleoproterozoic Bijawar Group of the Lalitpur district,Uttar Pradesh,India     

Shamim A. Dar  K. F. Khan  Saif A. Khan  Akhtar R. Mir  H. Wani  V. Balaram 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(6):2237-2248

The paper presents the uranium (U) concentration and distribution pattern in the Paleoproterozoic phosphorites of Lalitpur district of Uttar Pradesh. The study of thin sections, SEM and XRD reveal that apatite is the essential phosphate mineral while quartz and feldspars are the dominant gangue in the phosphorites of the investigated area. The collophane is observed to be mostly oolitic in form and microspherulitic in texture. The major element geochemistry indicated that the phosphorite samples are rich in P₂O₅, CaO, SiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ whereas depletion of MgO, MnO, K₂O and Al₂O₃ was observed. The CaO/P₂O₅ ratio ranges from 1.13 to 1.46 which is slightly lower than that of cations and anions substituted francolite (1.621) and close to that of carbonate-fluorapatite (1.318). The trace element geochemistry indicates that the phosphorites of Lalitpur have the significant range of U concentration (1.67 to 129.67 μg/g) which is more than that of Th (0.69 to 0.09 μg/g) among the analysed trace elements in the phosphorite samples of the area. The positive correlation of U with P₂O₅, CaO and U/P₂O₅ indicates a close association of U with phosphate minerals like collophane (apatite), whereas negative correlation of U with SiO₂ and Fe₂O₃ may be due to mutual replacement. The antipathetic relationship of U with Ni may be an indication of high oxidizing conditions, whereas sympathetic relationship of U with K₂O points towards higher alkaline conditions of the basin of deposition during phosphatization. The variable concentration of U and its relationship with significant major and trace elements in most of the phosphorite samples lead one to believe that the deposition of these phosphorites might have taken place in highly alkaline medium during fairly oxidizing to weakly reducing environmental conditions of geosynclinal basin.  相似文献   

Unnoticed but important: revealing the hidden contribution of community-based religious institution of the mosque in disasters     

Abdur Rehman Cheema  Regina Scheyvens  Bruce Glavovic  Muhammad Imran 《Natural Hazards》2014,71(3):2207-2229

The role of community-based religious institutions has been largely undocumented, underestimated and overshadowed in the disaster studies literature. This paper explores the role of the mosque, a community-based religious institution, in disaster management by documenting and analysing its role in rural settings in the aftermath of the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. The study examines the role of the mosque in relation to key actors from the state, civil society and private sector during response, relief, recovery, reconstruction and rehabilitation phases of the Pakistan earthquake. Using qualitative research methods and a case study design, this article analyses primary data collected through 5 months of fieldwork (in 2009 and 2010). The findings demonstrate the multifaceted and distinct contribution of the mosque in cultural, economic, social and political aspects of the lives of the earthquake-affected communities. Possible challenges to engagement with the mosque, both gender inclusiveness and political controversy around its role, are also raised. This research suggests that state, civil society and private sector actors involved in disaster management need to understand complex relationships involving people and their religious institutions, and their impact on the social dimension of recovery. The findings of the study contribute to the scarce knowledge about the role of community-based religious institutions including churches, mosques, synagogues and temples and call for engagement: that is, acknowledging and valuing their role for building a synergy between secular and religious efforts for disaster risk reduction and post-disaster recovery.  相似文献   

Impact of rangeland enclosure and seasonal grazing on protected and unprotected rangelands in Chakwal region,Pakistan     

ISLAM Muhammad  RAZZAQ Abdul  ZUBAIR Muhammad  HASSAN Sawsan  AHMAD Sarfraz  GUL Shamim  RISCHKOWSKY Barbara  LOUHAICHI Mounir 《山地科学学报》2022,(1):46-57

Scrub rangelands support livestock grazing and provide ecosystem services to their inhabitants.The present study was conducted in Chakwal,an important tract of ...  相似文献