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671.
The Patras, Corinth, and northern Saronic gulfs occupy a 200-km-long, N120° trending Pleistocene rift zone, where Peloponnese drifts away from mainland Greece. The axes of Patras and Corinth basins are 25 km apart and linked by two transfer-fault zones trending N040°. The older one defines the western slope of Panachaïkon mountain, and the younger one limits the narrow Rion–Patras littoral plain. Between these two faults, the ca. 4-km-thick Rion–Patras series dips 20–30° SSW. It is part of the Patras gulf synrift deposits, which pile in an asymmetric basin governed by a fault dipping ca. 25–35° NNE, located in the southern Gulf of Patras. Mapping of this fault to the east in northern Peloponnese shows that it is an inactive north-dipping low-angle normal fault (0° to 30°N), called the northern Peloponnese major fault (NPMF). The structural evolution of the NPMF was different in the gulfs of Patras and Corinth. In the Gulf of Patras, it is still active. In northern Peloponnese, footwall uplift and coeval southward tilting flattened the fault and locked its southern part. Steeper normal faults formed north of the locked area, connecting the still active northern part of the NPMF to the surface. After several locks, the presently active normal faults (Psathopyrgos, Aigion, Helike) trend along the southern shore of the Gulf of Corinth. This migration of faults caused the relative 25 km northward shift of the Corinth basin, and the formation of NE–SW trending transfer-faults between the Corinth and Patras gulfs. 相似文献
672.
Earthquakes in Switzerland and surrounding regions during 2004 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Manfred Baer Nicolas Deichmann Jochen Braunmiller Stephan Husen Donat F?h Domenico Giardini Philipp K?stli Urs KRadolfer Stefan Wiemer 《Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae》2005,98(3):407-418
This report of the Swiss Seismological Service summarizes the seismic activity in Switzerland and surrounding regions during
2004. During this period, 677 earthquakes and 96 quarry blasts were detected and located in the region under consideration.
With 22 events with ML≥2.5, the seismic activity in the year 2004 was close to the average over the last 30 years. As in previous years, most of
the activity was concentrated in the Valais and in Graubünden. In addition, several moderate earthquakes occurred in the lower
crust below the northern Alpine foreland. Unusual was that five earthquakes were sufficiently strong to cause ground shaking
of intensity IV over large portions of the territory. Two were located in Switzerland (Liestal, ML 3.8, and Brugg, ML 4.0). The epicenters of the other three strong events were located outside Switzerland (Besan?on in the French Jura, ML 4.8, Waldkirch in southern Germany, ML 5.1, and Lago di Garda in northern Italy, ML 5.3). 相似文献
673.
Benoît Laignel Emmanuel Dupuis Alain Durand Jean-Paul Dupont Emmanuel Hauchard Nicolas Massei 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(8):556-564
An accurate quantification of erosion, based on high-frequency monitoring of river discharge and suspended sediment fluxes is proposed for two watersheds in the western Paris Basin, a sensitive area with respect to erosion phenomena. This continuous monitoring makes it possible to include flood events of short duration, but significant erosion potential. The obtained erosion rate (16 and 21 t?km?2?yr?1) is among the weakest of the planet (3.5 to 18?000 t?km?2?yr?1). However, this annual balance does not reflect the behaviour of these rivers which can be torrential in certain cases. To cite this article: B. Laignel et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). 相似文献
674.
Olivier Hébrard Séverin Pistre Nicolas Cheynet Jean Dazy Christelle Batiot-Guilhe Jean-Luc Seidel 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(10):703-710
The origin of chloride-rich karstic spring waters representative of the Languedoc-Roussillon region has been investigated with a hydrochemical approach. To this end, the major and trace elements most often used in the study of saline environments have been considered (Cl, SO4, Br, B, Li). This study allowed distinguishing the different end-members of the various chloride-rich karstic spring waters (evaporitic, marine, geothermal). Associated with the Cl, Br and B contents, the Li/SO4 ratio appeared as a relevant tracer for the determination of the origin of lithium and by extension of the considered waters. To cite this article: O. Hébrard et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). 相似文献
675.
Thibault Rerolle Nicolas Florsch Muriel Llubes Frédéric Boudin Laurent Longuevergne 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(11):775-786
This study explores the sensitivity of tilt measurements to hydrogeologic phenomena in order to use them to characterise aquifers and explain the signals observed on the instruments. The challenge is to separate the hydrogeological contribution from other phenomena that affect this type of measurements. First, we applied the theory propounded by Farell (1972) and Pagiatakis (1990) to simple hydrogeological cases. Then a simulation of the tiltmeter signal obtained in the Seine valley reveals that the order of magnitude is significant: the signal of a load with hydrologic origin therefore represents a significant part of any tiltmeter signal. Moreover, it can be interpreted in hydrogeological terms: it depends directly on the load gradient through a convolution formalism. Consequently, it is possible to imagine a use of the tiltmeter in hydrogeology to characterise, to a certain extent, mass transfer of water in the ground. To cite this article: T. Rerolle et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). 相似文献
676.
677.
Effects of Drying on the Low-Frequency Electrical Properties of Tournemire Argillites 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Philippe Cosenza Ahmad Ghorbani Nicolas Florsch André Revil 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(10):2043-2066
Nearly water-saturated argillite samples (initial water content near 3.4 wt%) were cored from an undisturbed area of an underground
facility of the French Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), located at Tournemire (Aveyron, France). These
samples were subjected to the following desiccation path: (a) A desaturation phase during which the samples were dried at
ambient temperature conditions, relative humidity equal to 43% in average and (b) a heating phase during which the same samples
were heated at four temperature levels from 70°C up to 105°C. During both phases, the low-frequency complex resistivity (0.18Hz–12
kHz) was recorded by a four-electrode device. The amplitude of the complex resistivity was extremely sensitive to water content
change. At the end of the isotherm desaturation phase, it was multiplied by a factor of 3 to 5. During the heating phase,
the resistivity increased by more than two orders of magnitude compared to the initial state. The percentage of Frequency
Effect shows a low sensitivity to water content changes during the desaturation stage while it increased by two orders of
magnitude during the heating phase. This result confirms that low-frequency spectral signature is extremely sensitive to textural
changes (i.e., thermal-induced microcracking in this case) that occurred during heating. Moreover, the complex resistivity
of the samples shows a strong anisotropy (a ratio of 10 between both amplitudes measured in the perpendicular directions).
The classical Cole-Cole model cannot be used to fit the experimental data obtained in the heating phase. A generalized formulation
of this model is required and was successfully applied to represent the complex resistivity data. 相似文献
678.
V. Tu Do Hugues Blanchet Xavier de Montaudouin Nicolas Lavesque 《Estuaries and Coasts》2013,36(4):795-807
Marine phanerogams are ecosystem engineers, as their presence induces major environmental changes that impact on the benthic fauna. Consequently, modifications to the structure of benthic communities would be expected to be associated with seagrass decline. Since 2005, Zostera noltii seagrass beds in Arcachon Bay (France), the largest in Europe, have undergone a severe decline. Twelve stations distributed throughout the lagoon were sampled in 2002, and all were found to be densely planted at that time. Subsequently, the same stations were revisited in 2010 and seagrass cover had drastically decreased by that time. Based on benthic macrofauna, multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis identified four groups. Years were separated. In 2002, two groups were distinct in relation to the water body, since in 2010 separation between the two other groups was related to seagrass occurrence. When looking at community structure and dominant species there were moderate differences within and between years, independent of seagrass decline. Seagrass loss did not drastically modify the species composition as they were preserved in the remaining seagrass patches. However, there was a drop in macrofauna abundance in unvegetated muddy compared with abundance in the remaining seagrass areas. Epifauna was particularly affected by seagrass decline. Among biotic indicators based on macrofauna, multivariate indicator MISS (Macrobenthic Index in Sheltered Systems) was in agreement with the similarity of macrofauna structure among groups, while other tested indicators performed badly in relation to seagrass occurrence. However, no index detected seagrass loss, highlighting the necessity of maintaining a separate survey on seagrass cover. 相似文献
679.
Bigg Grant R. Cropper T. E. O’Neill Clare K. Arnold Alex K. Fleming A. H. Marsh R. Ivchenko V. Fournier Nicolas Osborne Mike Stephens Robin 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(2):1113-1136
Natural Hazards - With the polar regions opening up to more marine activities but iceberg numbers more likely to increase than decline as a result of global warming, the risk from icebergs to... 相似文献
680.
Simon Boivin Mélanie Gretz Bernard Lathuilière Nicolas Olivier Annachiara Bartolini Rossana Martini 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2018,111(3):537-548
The end of the Triassic and the Early Jurassic are intervals characterised by profound biotic and environmental changes, accompanied by dramatic decreases in marine fauna diversity. Corals were strongly affected and assemblages underwent a severe reduction; compared with those of the Upper Triassic, the Early Jurassic is traditionally defined as holding a “reef gap”. A Sinemurian coral-microbialites patch reef, located in southern France in the Hérault department (Le Perthus locality), is here described. This bioconstruction developed in a shallow mixed siliciclastic-carbonate inner ramp setting. The reef volume is composed of up to 70% of an intercoral facies mostly microbialites, with subordinated sediments (approximately 20–30% of the intercoral facies). Therefore, the patch reef can be defined as a coral-microbialite bioconstruction, in which microbialites were the main framebuilders. The coral assemblage has low diversity and is dominated by massive to branching colonies of Chondrocoenia clavellata. This highlights the reef diversity after the T/J boundary crisis. The Le Perthus patch reef could have acted as an edge for the dominant currents and probably induced reductions in hydrodynamic energy and sedimentation on one of its sides. Consequently, it could have triggered the growth of small lateral bioconstructions, composed of oysters and microbialites, uniquely on one of its sides. The evolution of the facies shows that the Le Perthus patch reef grew in a shallowing-upward setting accompanied by an increase in siliciclastic inputs. The rate of bioerosion and the faunal assemblage suggest that the bioconstructions could have been developed in a mesotrophic environment. 相似文献