Nonlinear interaction between acoustic gravity waves     

P. Axelsson  J. Larsson  L. Stenflo 《Annales Geophysicae》1996,14(3):304-308

The resonant interaction between three acoustic gravity waves is considered. We improve on the results of previous authors and write the new coupling coefficients in a symmetric form. Particular attention is paid to the low-frequency limit.  相似文献   

Die nordschwedischen Eisenerze und verwandte Lagerstätten als Beispiele eruptiver Spaltungsprozesse     

Per Geijer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1935,26(5):351-366

Zusammenfassung Seit einem früheren Stadium der geologischen Erforschung der nordschwedischen Eisenerzlagerstätten vom Typus Kiruna — meistens apatitreiche Magnetiterze — war es den damit beschäftigten Forschern klar, daß die Substanz der Erze im magmatischen Stadium von dem Magma der begleitenden Porphyrgesteine abgespaltet wurde. Die Natur und die Ursachen dieses Abspaltens müssen nach dem geologischen Befund beurteilt werden, denn es handelt sich um spätmagmatische Ereignisse in einem experimentell noch nicht erforschbaren Gebiet. Mineralparagenese, Struktur, Kontaktverhältnisse usw. deuten auf Kristallisation aus einem an leichtflüchtigen Gemengteilen reichen Magma (pneumotektische Gebilde). Der spätmagmatische oder restmagmatische Charakter der Erzbildung wird auch durch Übergänge nach Erztypen, die bei niedrigeren Temperaturen gebildet sind, klargelegt. Die Trennung zwischen Erz und Gestein erscheint ebenso scharf wie in den Fällen, in denen erzbildende Lösungen gasförmig abgeschieden worden sind. Die Abscheidung muß auch bei den hier behandelten spätmagmatischen Erzen auf die Wirkung der leichtflüchtigen Gemengteile (Magmagase) zurückgeführt werden. Genetisch verwandt sind sulfidische Erze, deren Anknüpfung an den Kirunatypus aus ihrem Apatit- und Magnetitgehalt hervorgeht, und die sich entweder aus pneumotektischen Magmen oder aus gasförmigen Lösungen kristallisierten. Mehr entfernt von der magmatischen Kristallisation folgen gewisse metasomatische Erze ähnlicher Zusammensetzung. Eigentümlicherweise zeigen aber die kontaktmetasomatischen Eisenerze in Kalkstein eine wesentlich andere Zusammensetzung der aus dem Magma stammenden Gemengteile, obgleich auch ihr Material aus dem Magma in Gasform entwich. Besonders auffallend ist der hohe Kieselsäuregehalt und die Seltenheit des Apatits. Diese Eigenschaften findet man auch in den Lagerstätten von diesem Typus, die in demselben Gebiet wie die Kiruna-Erze auftreten, und die mit den dortigen Tiefengesteinen verbunden sind.  相似文献   

Mexican symposium on port planning design and construction     

Per Bruun 《Coastal Engineering》1983,7(2):183-184

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Analyses of trace elements on quartz surfaces in sulfidic mine tailings from Kristineberg (Sweden) a few years after remediation     

B.?MüllerEmail author  M.?D.?Axelsson  B.??hlander 《Environmental Geology》2003,45(1):98-105

Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) has been applied to determine the elemental composition of the surface layer, as well as of the first interior layer, of quartz grains from the mine tailings from Kristineberg (northern Sweden) in order to determine concentration gradients between these two layers. The quartz grains were collected from the oxidized and unoxidized zones within the tailings. The aim of this study is to assess the role of quartz surfaces as sites for the attenuation of solutes from the mine-tailings porewater. Concentrations of Cu, Ag, Sb, Pb and Bi are highest near the surface of each grain and decrease towards the interior. The surface concentration of Cu, Zn and Pb is more pronounced within the unoxidized than within the oxidized zone of the tailings. Cu exhibits a distinct concentration peak at the surface of the quartz grains below the pre-remediation oxidation front. For Zn and Ce the trend of high surface concentration is less pronounced than for Cu or Pb. Silver, Bi and As are preferably adsorbed within the uppermost layers of the oxidized zone where the pH is as high as 6.2. The conversion of intensity signals of the elements to concentration values in ppm was done by using external standards (NIST silicate glass).  相似文献   

Probable causes for cyanobacterial expansion in the Baltic Sea: Role of anoxia and phosphorus retention     

Per?WestmanEmail author  Johanna?Borgendahl  Thomas?S.?Bianchi  Nianhong?Chen 《Estuaries and Coasts》2003,26(3):680-689

This study corroborates the hypothesis that nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria have probably occurred as an important component of the phytoplankton community in the Baltic Sea at least since brackish water conditions were initiated 8,500¹⁴C yr BP. Pigment analyses indicate that extensive occurrences started prior to a sharp increase in nutrient levels dated to 7,100¹⁴C yr BP. The cyanobacteria could have functioned as a natural trigger for eutrophication in the Baltic Sea by importing nitrogen. This is also verified by a contemporaneous drop in the δ¹⁵N values from 4‰ to around 2‰. We further conclude that the spreading of cyanobacteria was probably caused by a decrease in nitrogen∶phosphorus (N∶P) in the water mass that resulted from the intrusion of oceanic water with high P levels. The fractionation of P in sediments indicated that iron-bound P was efficiently sequestered under anoxic conditions that occurred as a consequence of the establishment of a stable stratification caused by the marine intrusion. This pool only showed minor variations around 3 μmol g⁻¹ at the freshwater-brackish water transition. All P pools except the CaCO₃ fraction showed a distinct increase around 9,300¹⁴C yr BP prior to the transition. We interpreted this increase as a change in preservation of organic matter or in the source of the sediment. Slightly after 4,000¹⁴C yr BP there was a dramatic drop in all P pools without any corresponding decreases in total N and carbon. Total P decreased from around 75 to 25–30 μmol g⁻¹. The most dramatic drop occurred in the organic bound and the detrital apatite fractions, which decreased by a factor of 3–4. We explain this as a preferential regeneration of P, especially organic P, compared to other nutrients due to more prevalent anoxic conditions.  相似文献   

A.R. Silvester, Editor, Coastal Engineering, I. (Generation, propagation and influence of waves), Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1974), p. 457 Dfl. 80.00.     

Per Jrgensen 《Engineering Geology》1974,8(4):402-403

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Velocity potential formulations of highly accurate Boussinesq-type models     

Harry B. Bingham  Per A. Madsen  David R. Fuhrman 《Coastal Engineering》2009

The highly accurate Boussinesq-type equations of Madsen et al. (Madsen, P.A., Bingham, H.B., Schäffer, H.A., 2003. Boussinesq-type formulations for fully nonlinear and extremely dispersive water waves: Derivation and analysis. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 459, 1075–1104; Madsen, P.A., Fuhrman, D.R., Wang, B., 2006. A Boussinesq-type method for fully nonlinear waves interacting with a rapidly varying bathymetry. Coast. Eng. 53, 487–504); Jamois et al. (Jamois, E., Fuhrman, D.R., Bingham, H.B., Molin, B., 2006. Wave-structure interactions and nonlinear wave processes on the weather side of reflective structures. Coast. Eng. 53, 929–945) are re-derived in a more general framework which establishes the correct relationship between the model in a velocity formulation and a velocity potential formulation. Although most work with this model has used the velocity formulation, the potential formulation is of interest because it reduces the computational effort by approximately a factor of two and facilitates a coupling to other potential flow solvers. A new shoaling enhancement operator is introduced to derive new models (in both formulations) with a velocity profile which is always consistent with the kinematic bottom boundary condition. The true behaviour of the velocity potential formulation with respect to linear shoaling is given for the first time, correcting errors made by Jamois et al. (Jamois, E., Fuhrman, D.R., Bingham, H.B., Molin, B., 2006. Wave-structure interactions and nonlinear wave processes on the weather side of reflective structures. Coast. Eng. 53, 929–945). An exact infinite series solution for the potential is obtained via a Taylor expansion about an arbitrary vertical position z = zˆ. For practical implementation however, the solution is expanded based on a slow variation of zˆ and terms are retained to first-order. With shoaling enhancement, the new models obtain a comparable accuracy in linear shoaling to the original velocity formulation. General consistency relations are also derived which are convenient for verifying that the differential operators satisfy a potential flow and/or conserve mass up to the order of truncation of the model. The performance of the new formulation is validated using computations of linear and nonlinear shoaling problems. The behaviour on a rapidly varying bathymetry is also checked using linear wave reflection from a shelf and Bragg scattering from an undulating bottom. Although the new models perform equally well for Bragg scattering they fail earlier than the existing model for reflection/transmission problems in very deep water.  相似文献   

Tsunami generation,propagation, and run-up with a high-order Boussinesq model   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

David R. Fuhrman  Per A. Madsen 《Coastal Engineering》2009

In this work we extend a high-order Boussinesq-type (finite difference) model, capable of simulating waves out to wavenumber times depth kh < 25, to include a moving sea-bed, for the simulation of earthquake- and landslide-induced tsunamis. The extension is straight forward, requiring only an additional term within the kinematic bottom condition. As first test cases we simulate linear and nonlinear surface waves generated from both positive and negative impulsive bottom movements. The computed results compare well against earlier theoretical, numerical, and experimental values. Additionally, we show that the long-time (fully nonlinear) evolution of waves resulting from an upthrusted bottom can eventually result in true solitary waves, consistent with theoretical predictions. It is stressed, however, that the nonlinearity used far exceeds that typical of geophysical tsunamis in the open ocean. The Boussinesq-type model is then used to simulate numerous tsunami-type events generated from submerged landslides, in both one and two horizontal dimensions. The results again compare well against previous experiments and/or numerical simulations. The new extension compliments recently developed run-up capabilities within this approach, and as demonstrated, the model can therefore treat tsunami events from their initial generation, through their later propagation, and final run-up phases. The developed model is shown to maintain reasonable computational efficiency, and is therefore attractive for the simulation of such events, especially in cases where dispersion is important.  相似文献   

Filamentary structures in planetary nebulae     

Hanna Dahlgren  Per Carlqvist  Gösta F. Gahm 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2007,310(1-2):65-72

We have studied small-scale, filamentary features in 14 planetary nebulae and found that some structures are recurrent and shaped like the letters V and Y, with the apex or stem pointing toward the central parts of the nebula. Two such filaments containing dust, one in NGC 3132 and one in NGC 7293, were investigated in more detail. The mass and density of the filaments were obtained from extinction measurements, and their physical properties were derived. We propose that the structures are confined by magnetic fields, and derive magnetic field strengths of about 10⁻⁸ T, in line with earlier estimates. We also estimate the magnitude of the electric currents that we expect are generated in these dynamic systems. We propose a theory where the magnetic fields control the sculpting and evolution of small-scale filaments. This theory demonstrates how the substructures may form magnetized flux ropes that are twisted around each other, in the shape of double helices. Similar structures, and with similar origin, are found in many other astrophysical environments.  相似文献   

Mangrove expansion and rainfall patterns in Moreton Bay, Southeast Queensland, Australia     

L. Eslami-Andargoli  Per Dale  N. Sipe  J. Chaseling 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009,85(2):292-298

Changes in rainfall pattern have been suggested as a mechanism for the landward incursion of mangrove into salt marsh. The aim of the research was to assess the relationship between rainfall patterns and the spatial distribution of mangrove forests at study sites in Moreton Bay, Southeast Queensland, Australia, over a 32-year period from 1972 to 2004. To identify periods of relatively consistent rainfall patterns points at which rainfall patterns changed (change-points) were identified using the non-parametric Pettitt–Mann–Whitney-Statistic and the cumulative sum technique. The change-points were then used to define the temporal periods over which changes to mangrove area were assessed. Both mangrove and salt marsh area were measured by digitizing aerial photographs acquired in 1972, 1990 (the year with the most significant change-point), and 2004. The rates of change in mangrove area pre-1990 (a wetter period) and post-1990 (a drier period) were estimated. A significant positive relationship was demonstrated between rainfall variables and landward mangrove expansion, but not for seaward expansion. We concluded that rainfall variability is one of the principal factors influencing the rate of upslope encroachment of mangrove. However, the rate of expansion may vary from site to site due to site-specific geomorphological and hydrological characteristics and the level of disturbance in the catchment.  相似文献