全球变暖背景下广东省近60年来极端气温时空变化特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

黄强  陈子  刘占明 《热带地理》2012,32(3):246-251

根据1951―2010年广东省26个气象站点的气温资料,统计了6个极端气温指数,采用线性倾向估计、Mann-kendall趋势和突变检验等方法对广东省极端气温时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明,在时间上,近60年来广东省气温总体上具有倾向极端的趋势,但倾向极端高温的趋势不明显,而倾向极端低温的趋势却十分明显。6个极端气温指数均检测到有突变发生,突变时间集中在20世纪90年代和21世纪初期,除了指数TX90%(暖日天数),其余5个指数——SU(夏日天数)、FD(霜日天数)、TN90%(暖夜天数)、TX10%(冷日天数)、TN10%(冷夜天数)在突变后均呈现增加趋势,并且速度加快。与1961―1980年气温倾向极端的趋势不明显相比,1981―2010年气温倾向极端的趋势非常明显,并且具有倾向极端高温和极端低温的双向趋势。而在空间差异上,4个相对阈值指数在空间上的分布均为镶嵌式的分布,大致呈现出中部与东西两端一致,北部的变化幅度最小。  相似文献   

Sequence architecture and depositional evolution of the Ordovician carbonate platform margins in the Tarim Basin and its response to tectonism and sea‐level change     

Changsong Lin  Haijun Yang  Jingyan Liu  Zhifeng Rui  Zhenzhong Cai  Sitian Li  Bingsong Yu 《Basin Research》2012,24(5):559-582

The sequence architecture and depositional evolution of the Ordovician carbonate platform margins in the Tarim Basin, China, were formed in response to the interplay of tectonism and sea‐level change, their history being documented by the integrated analysis of many seismic lines, drilling and outcrop data. The Ordovician carbonate system in the basin is divided into four composite sequences defined by major unconformities. Each sequence consists of a regional depositional cycle from transgression with an onlapping transgressive systems tract (TST) to regression with a prograding highstand systems tract (HST), and can be further subdivided into 10 third‐order sequences based on subordinate discontinuous boundaries at the carbonate platform marginal zones. Constrained by the marginal slope of the early‐rifted Manjiaer aulacogen, the carbonate platform margins of the Lower and Middle Ordovician that prograded eastward in an arcuate belt extending generally north‐south across the northern part of the basin. The development of the Tazhong uplift due to compression resulted in an extensive paleokarst hiatus between the Middle and the Upper Ordovician in the south‐central basin, and subsequently constrained the formation of a peninsula‐shaped carbonate platform whose margins were controlled by marginal thrust‐fault belts of the paleo‐uplift during the Late Ordovician. In the northern basin, the Late Ordovician carbonate platform margin developed around the marginal slope of the Tabei paleouplift. The transgressive–regressive cycles of the carbonate system are comparable and seem to have occurred simultaneously across the entire basin, suggesting that the cyclic sequence architecture was fundamentally controlled by eustatic fluctuations. Stacking patterns of the composite sequences varied due to the interplay between the accommodation produced by tectonism and sea‐level change, and the carbonate production rate. The reef–shoal facies complexes that developed along the platform margins, with paleokarst development at unconformities, constitute the major reservoir of large petroleum reserves in the basin.  相似文献   

苏北平原周庄镇浅钻沉积物粘土矿物分布特征及其环境意义     

舒强  陈晔  张茂恒  赵志军 《地理科学》2012,(2):238-243

利用X衍射法分析了苏北平原浅钻剖面(YZ1)的粘土矿物类型和含量,并对其环境意义进行了探讨。结果表明,YZ1浅钻沉积物粘土成分主要由4种粘土矿物(伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石、蒙脱石)和少量长石、石英碎屑组成;研究区的古气候环境演变主要经历3个阶段,13 770~11 600 cal a B.P.期间的低温冷干阶段;11 600~9 610cal a B.P.期间的逐步升温阶段;9 610~1 520 cal a B.P.期间的全新世暖湿阶段,在这3个大的阶段背景条件下也存在一些次级波动。  相似文献   

黄土高原陆面水分的凝结现象及收支特征试验研究   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

张强  王胜  问晓梅  南玉合  曾剑 《气象学报》2012,70(1):128-135

中国黄土高原是全球独特的地理区域,其陆面水分过程比较特殊。利用黄土高原陆面过程试验研究(LOPEX)的陇中黄土高原定西陆面过程综合观测站的资料,分析了陆面水分凝结现象及其出现频率与局地微气象条件的关系,研究了露水(霜)量及其出现频率的季节分布特征以及受降水和天气阴、晴的影响规律。同时,对比分析了降水、露水、雾水和土壤吸附水对陆面水分的贡献率,讨论了涡动相关法、蒸渗计和蒸发皿观测的陆面蒸发量的差别及其与陆面水分来源的年平衡关系,给出了半干旱区陆面水分平衡的日循环特征。发现露水对风速、大气湿度、近地层温度梯度的依赖很强,一般在风速为1.5 m/s、相对湿度大于80%和逆温强度为0.25℃的情况下露水(霜)量最大;刚降水后的晴天露水量比较大;实际蒸散量与蒸发力的差距十分明显,陆面水分平衡特征表现为一个"呼吸"过程。  相似文献   

水平螺旋度在沙尘暴预报中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李岩瑛  张强 《气象学报》2012,70(1):144-154

为了更准确地预报中国北方沙尘暴的强度和范围,应用2002—2010年3—6月逐日08和20时高空流场资料、高空图资料和地面每3 h的天气图资料,计算近地面至500 hPa的水平螺旋度。结果表明,螺旋度负值中心值越大,辐合上升运动越强,风速越大,对应沙尘暴的强度就越强。螺旋度负值中心常常在河西走廊附近最强,沙尘暴发生在螺旋度负值中心附近或下游。在沙尘关键区(40°—48°N,84°—120°E)当出现螺旋度≤-600 m2/s2的负值中心时,6 h内该区或其下游将产生能见度低于500 m的强沙尘暴,螺旋度负值中心与下游沙尘暴发生区有良好的对应关系。通过对中国北方区域性强沙尘暴典型个例、甘肃省河西走廊东部沙尘天气的对比分析,螺旋度有较强的日变化,白天强于夜间,对冬春季中国北方干旱区的冷锋型沙尘暴天气有较强的预报能力。  相似文献   

2008年7—9月中国北方不同下垫面晴空陆面过程特征差异   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

曾剑  张强 《气象学报》2012,70(4):821-836

采用2008年7—9月观测的中国干旱/半干旱区实验观测协同与集成研究资料,选取了9个下垫面(包括裸地、草地、森林和农田),分析了中国北方不同下垫面以及不同地区同类下垫面的晴空陆面辐射平衡和热量平衡日变化特征差异。结果表明,不同下垫面以及不同地区同类下垫面的地表辐射和能量过程特征差异明显,而这种差异主要源于下垫面的光学特性、水热特性以及局地陆-气系统中可利用水分的不同。在辐射平衡的比较方面,荒漠沙地发射的长波辐射最大,高寒森林的长波辐射最低,农田下垫面发射的长波辐射总体低于草地;荒漠沙地、草地、农田和高寒森林的反射率依次减弱;荒漠沙地、草地、农田、森林下垫面的净辐射依次增大。在能量平衡方面,荒漠区沙地可利用能量大部分(约80%)用于加热大气,约20%消耗于蒸发和加热土壤;草地下垫面可利用能量中用于加热大气的能量比蒸发水分消耗的能量高,但高寒草甸例外;农田下垫面可利用能量的大部分消耗于蒸发,消耗于加热大气的能量不到20%。水含量越高,潜热通量越大,能量闭合率越低,能量过程也更复杂。  相似文献   

Changing Trends of Daily Temperature Extremes with Different Intensities in China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

WANG Zuny  DING Yihui  ZHANG Qiang  SONG Yafang 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2012,26(4):399-409

By comparing two sets of quality-controlled daily temperature observation data with and without the inhomogeneity test and adjustment from 654 stations in China during 1956-2004 and 1956-2010, impacts of inhomogeneity on changing trends of four percentile temperature extreme indices, including occurrences of cold days, cold nights, warm days, and warm nights with varying intensities, were discussed. It is found that the inhomogeneity affected the long-term trends averaged over extensive regions limitedly. In order to minimize the inhomogeneity impact, the 83 stations identified with obvious inhomogeneity impacts were removed, and an updated analysis of changing trends of the four temperature extreme indices with varying intensities during 1956-2010 was conducted. The results show that annual occurrences of both cold nights and cold days decreased greatly while those of warm nights and warm days increased significantly during the recent 20 years. The more extreme the event is, the greater the magnitude of changing trends for the temperature extreme index is. An obvious increasing trend was observed in annual occurrences of cold days and cold nights in the recent four years. The magnitude of changing trends of warm extreme indices was greater than that of cold extreme indices, and it was greater in northern China than in southern China. Trends for summer occurrence of cold days were not significant. Decreasing trends of occurrences of both cold nights and cold days were the greatest in December, January, and February (DJF) but the least in June, July, and August (JJA), while increasing trends of warm nights were the greatest in JJA. Cold nights significantly decreased from 1956 to 1990, and then the decreasing trend considerably weakened. The decreasing trend also showed an obvious slowdown in recent years for occurrence of cold days. However, increasing trends of warm nights and warm days both have been accelerated continuously since the recent decades. Further analysis presents that the evolution of the trends for occurrences of the four temperature extreme indices was dominated by the changes in northern China.  相似文献   

Application of Archimedean copulas in the analysis of the precipitation extremes: effects of precipitation changes   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Qiang Zhang  Jianfeng Li  Vijay P. Singh 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,107(1-2):255-264

Due to the influence of changing environment and intensifying human activities, hydrometeorological changes are becoming common. This study derives a bivariate joint distribution of total precipitation and precipitation days with daily precipitation exceeding the 75th percentile and falling below the 25th percentile. Chang points in the precipitation series are detected with more than one statistical method. Results indicate that (1) for P75 and D75, Kendal’s τ does not change significantly even when the existence of change points is taken into account. The selection of a copula is greatly impacted by the existence of a change point; (2) for P25 and D25, τ varies much, while the precipitation variations have no evident effects on the selection of a copula. Therefore, a copula should be selected after the detection of change points to avoid possible bias in results or conclusions. This study is of some merits in terms of risk evaluation based on copula-based probability analysis with available change points.  相似文献   

人工影响天气后下游地面湿度响应分析探讨     

刘建忠  张蔷  金华  李宏宇  何晖 《气象》2012,38(3):314-321

2008年8月8日下午到夜间,针对北京地区西北部、西部和西南部强对流天气进行了人工影响天气作业。为了解大规模进行人工影响天气作业后下游地区地面湿度的变化情况,文章结合空中天气形势,利用北京城区和郊区215个自动站及非自动站资料进行降水分布研究,重点利用其有湿度记录的108个站资料,对大规模人工影响后的地面湿度变化结合同期降水资料进行分析,以期为今后大规模的人工影响天气提供实验依据。结果表明,2008年8月8日夜间北京地区引导气流为西南东北向,天气系统基本沿西南—东北向移动,18：00—00：00的6小时累计降水量,呈东北西南向带状分布,北京城区处在降水量比较少的＂豁口＂处,＂鸟巢＂无降水。人工影响天气部门在北京地区西南部进行大规人工模影响强对流天气作业。作业后,在大规模人工影响作业区下风方带状范围内,地面水汽压随时间具有明显的突变（地面水汽压突然减小,持续时间大致在25分钟左右）,且这种突变从由西南向东北减弱,突变开始的时间逐渐推后。在带状中心轴线附近这种突变比较明显,远离中心轴线这种突变减弱,开始突变的时间也推后;而在带状范围外,则没有这种现象。究其原因,主要由于大规模发射火箭弹进行作业,一是火箭弹尾喷的播撒作用,二是尾喷激起的强大扰动作用,有利于大的雨滴降落,或迅速长大后降落,形成下沉气流,下沉气流将高层的干冷空气带到低层引起地面水汽压减小;此下沉气流沿着引导气流向下游传播,在传播过程中逐渐衰减。进一步分析2008年8月8日20时500 hPa风,根据此高度风速大小估算大规模作业区距离分析地面水汽压发生较大变化测站的时间,发现测站地面水汽压的发生较大变化时间与由上游空气柱移来的时间比较一致。  相似文献   

机载粉剂催化剂播撒设备的研制及其在奥运和残奥消云中的应用     

金华  张蔷  何晖  马新成  黄梦宇  田海军  刘力威 《气象》2012,38(11):1443-1448

人为引发的下沉气流可以抑制对流云的发展,这一现象已在试验中得到验证。用“人工下沉气流法”实施人工消云试验时,需在云顶大剂量的播撒粉剂催化剂。北京市人工影响天气办公室研制了能完成此类大剂量播撤任务的设备,并通过外场飞行试验对设备进行检验和改进。这是国内人工影响天气领域首个采用空投播撒法的粉剂催化剂播撤设备;可减少催化剂对飞机和播撤设备的污染。分析发现,新设备能够满足人工消云作业中播撒大剂量粉剂催化剂的需要。该设备在北京奥运会、残奥会开闭幕式当日的消云试验作业中投入使用,共实施消云飞行作业9架次,累计利用新设备播撒吸湿性粉剂催化剂34吨。  相似文献