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971.
972.
From enlargements of patrol photographs of the disk passage of the sunspot of July 20 – August 2, 1966, intensity profiles across the spot are obtained at several positions near the disk-center and at each limb. It is found that these profiles show asymmetric features near each limb (increasingly sharp limb-side penumbra and poorly resolved disk-side penumbra) which are similar to those reported in Paper III of this series. It is suggested that these profile asymmetries are the essential feature of the center-limb variations in the appearance of a sunspot which have become known as the Wilson effect.Conventionally the Wilson effect is described as the extreme foreshortening and eventual disappearance of the disk-side penumbra and, recently, Suzuki has referred to this as the occultation of the penumbra by the photosphere. We find no evidence at all for the disappearance of the disk-side penumbra at the limb in this spot. Defining half-height points on the profile curves as the umbral and penumbral boundaries, we find that, near the west limb where the spot is stable and regular, the limb-side penumbra increases by about 10% at the expense of the umbra. This result qualitatively supports the results reported in Paper III although it is smaller in magnitude.Other observations of sunspots which appear to exhibit the conventional Wilson effect are discussed and it is concluded that in no case yet published is the resolution and seeing of sufficient quality to demonstrate unambiguously the disappearance of the disk-side penumbra. 相似文献
973.
974.
High resolution Ca II K-line spectra obtained at Kitt Peak National Observatory in September 1970 at a dispersion of 20 mm/Å and a spatial resolution approaching 1 arc sec are described.We first investigate the claim made by Zirin, Pasachoff and others that, at high spatial resolution, the K2 emission occurs either in the red wing or the blue but not both. In fact, it is shown that although some spectra exhibit predominantly singly-peaked emission features, other spectra, at equally high spatial resolution, show mainly doubly-peaked structures. We suggest that both types of spectra may be regarded as normal.Secondly, time series studies reveal at least two cases in which features exhibiting single emission peaks in either the red or the blue wings evolve into doubly-peaked structures in a time scale of 15sec.Finally, two features on the slit are observed to separate in a manner which implies velocities of order 50 km/sec. Other alternative explanations of the phenomena are discussed but are found to be even more implausible than velocities of this magnitude. Nevertheless, we urge the need for independent confirmation of this result.The implications of these observations for inhomogeneous models for the formation of the Caii K-line are discussed.Operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under contract with the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
975.
On Measuring Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange Over Tall Vegetation on Complex Terrain 总被引:21,自引:2,他引:19
Dennis Baldocchi John Finnigan Kell Wilson K. T. Paw U Eva Falge 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,96(1-2):257-291
To assess annual budgets of CO2 exchange betweenthe biosphere and atmosphere over representativeecosystems, long-term measurements must be made overecosystems that do not exist on ideal terrain. How tointerpret eddy covariance measurements correctlyremains a major task. At present, net ecosystemCO2 exchange is assessed, by members of themicrometeorological community, as the sum of eddycovariance measurements and the storage of CO2 inthe underlying air. This approach, however, seemsunsatisfactory as numerous investigators are reportingthat it may be causing nocturnal respiration fluxdensities to be underestimated.A new theory was recently published by Lee (1998, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
91: 39–50) for assessing net ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange(Ne) over non-ideal terrain. Itincludes a vertical advection term. We apply thisequation over a temperate broadleaved forest growingin undulating terrain. Inclusion of the verticaladvection term yields hourly, daily and annual sums ofnet ecosystem CO2 exchange that are moreecologically correct during the growing season.During the winter dormant period, on the other hand,corrected CO2 flux density measurements of anactively respiring forest were near zero. Thisobservation is unrealistic compared to chambermeasurements and model calculations. Only duringmidday, when the atmosphere is well-mixed, domeasurements of Ne match estimatesbased on model calculations and chamber measurements. On an annual basis, sums of Newithout the advection correction were 40% too large,as compared with computations derived from a validatedand process-based model. With the inclusion of theadvection correction term, we observe convergencebetween measured and calculated values ofNe on hourly, daily and yearly time scales. We cannot, however, conclude that inclusion of aone-dimensional, vertical advection term into thecontinuity equation is sufficient for evaluatingCO2 exchange over tall forests in complexterrain. There is an indication that the neglected term,( c¯/ x), isnon-zero and that CO2 may be leakingfrom the sides of the control volume during the winter. In this circumstance, forest floor CO2 effluxdensities exceed effluxes measured above the canopy. 相似文献
976.
Chris J.L. Wilson Brenton A. Worley Shefa Chen Mathew J. Harrowfield Liu Shugen Luo Zhili WT ”BX 《地学前缘》2000,(Z1)
DEFORMATIONAL AND METAMORPHIC HISTORY OF THE CENTRAL LONGMEN MOUNTAINS, SICHUAN CHINA1 ArneDC ,WorleyBA ,WilsonCJL ,etal.Differentialexhumationinresponsetoepisodicthrustingalongtheeasternmar ginoftheTibetanPlateau[J] .Tectonophysics,1997,2 80 :2 39~ 2 56 .
2 ChenSF ,WilsonCJL ,WorleyBA .TectonictransitionfromtheSongpan GarzeFoldBelttotheSichuanBasin,south westernChina[J] .BasinResearch ,1995,7:2 35~ 2 53.
3 ChenSF ,WilsonCJL .Emplaceme… 相似文献
977.
David A. Jay Philip M. Orton Thomas Chisholm Douglas J. Wilson Annika M. V. Fain 《Estuaries and Coasts》2007,30(6):1106-1125
Estuarine turbidity maxima (ETM) retain suspended particulate matter (SPM) through advection, settling, aggregation, and nonlinearities
in bed processes, but the relative importance of these processes varies strongly between systems. Observations from two strongly
advective systems (the Columbia and Fraser Rivers) are used to investigate seasonal cycles of SPM retention and the effects
of very high flows. Results for the Fraser and Columbia plus literature values for 13 other estuaries illustrate the applicability
of scaling parameters and the response of ETM phenomena to a range of river flow (U
r
) levels and tidal forcing. The most efficient trapping (represented by Trapping EfficiencyE, the ratio of maximum ETM concentration to the source SPM concentration) occurs for low ratios of river flow to tidal current
amplitude (UT), represented by low values of the Supply number Sr.E in the Columbia is found to be maximal in a null zone where advection or tidal asymmetry (represented by Advection numberA) is weak(A ∼ 0). The ratio of aggregation to disaggregation (the Floc number Θ) is maximal on neap tides, while the ratio of erosion to
deposition (the Erosion number P) is maximal on spring tides. The ratio of settling velocity to vertical mixing (Rouse numberP) is relatively constant in the Columbia ETM(P ∼ 0.7), because particle settling velocity and turbulence levels adjust together. Assuming that this result applies broadly,
scaling variables and data are combined to express ETM properties in terms of the friction velocity (U*),U
r
, andU
T
, allowing a considerable simplification of the parameters used to describe ETM. 相似文献
978.
In this paper, we examine the development and implementation of new technical systems designed to more effectively manage and produce driving, drivers and driving spaces. These new systems change the governmentality of automobilities by altering the relationship between driver, vehicle and transport infrastructure and produce new subjects and spaces. They do this principally through the process of automation, creating a system of regulation that we term ‘automated management’. Automated management consists of two interlocking sets of regulatory technologies: automated surveillance that seeks to enforce more effective (self)disciplining and capture systems that actively reshape activity. We argue that these work together to alter the automobilities landscape creating new socio-spatial arrangements with respect to access, movement, flow, and behaviour. Some of these arrangements are benign and empowering to individuals, others enhance the power of state and corporations. We illustrate our argument with examples predominately drawn from the UK, though the technologies we discuss are increasingly being developed and implemented throughout Western countries and beyond. 相似文献
979.
We show that a forward Lagrangian stochastic (LS) model simulates well the ensemble-averaged concentration transient due to
a short time (5 min) point source in the uniform atmospheric surface layer. In LS models, computational particles, which may
not descend below ground level, are necessarily reflected at an imposed (artificial) boundary above ground. Model results
were rather insensitive to the placing of the lower reflection boundary, and no definite benefit stemmed from including a
parametrization for unresolved delays/displacements beneath the lower boundary. 相似文献
980.
Zentilli Marcos Maksaev Victor Boric Ricardo Wilson Jessica 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2018,107(3):1097-1126
International Journal of Earth Sciences - The MMH porphyry type copper–molybdenum deposit in northern Chile is the newest mine in the Chuquicamata District, one of largest copper... 相似文献