超临界CO2岩石致裂机制分析     

王海柱  李根生  贺振国  沈忠厚  李小江  张祯祥  王猛  杨兵  郑永  石鲁杰 《岩土力学》2018,39(10):3589-3596

超临界CO2是一种介于气体和液体之间的特殊状态的CO2流体,具有低黏、高扩散性和零表面张力等独特的性质。利用超临界CO2作为压裂液,有助于裂缝的起裂和扩展,同时可避免储层伤害。通过研究超临界CO2射流破岩和压裂特性,分析得到了超临界CO2岩石致裂机制。研究结果表明,超临界CO2低黏等特性使其更容易进入岩石微孔和微缝之中,在岩石内部建立大小不一的流体压力系统,使岩石发生拉伸和剪切破坏;常规流体压裂起裂压力较高,裂缝一般为单条或多条平直裂缝,大多沿着同一方向贯穿强度较高的胶结颗粒,且裂缝断面光滑、平整;超临界CO2压裂起裂压力相比于常规流体压裂低,在岩石中形成的裂缝网络较为复杂,裂缝互相连通,一般沿着强度较低的胶结物开裂,较少贯穿胶结颗粒,裂缝断面较为粗糙。该研究结果可为超临界CO2压裂技术的实施提供理论支撑。  相似文献   

西藏改则地区美苏组岩浆岩锆石U-Pb年龄及地质意义   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

张耀玲  沈燕绪  吴珍汉  赵珍 《地质力学学报》2018,24(1):128-136

西藏中部南羌塘改则盆地美苏组由砖红色砂砾岩和火山岩夹层组成,一些学者在美苏组建组剖面等地获得古新世-始新世的K-Ar年龄（34.0~69.1Ma）,目前对其形成时代还缺少可靠的年代学约束。应用激光烧蚀多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（LA-MC-ICP-MS）方法,对改则盆地美苏组沉积地层中的流纹岩、石英粗安岩和花岗斑岩中锆石进行了U-Pb同位素测定。结果表明,改则盆地美苏组红层中的三个火山岩样品及一个侵入岩样品岩浆锆石206Pb/238U年龄分别为38.3±0.5 Ma、39.0±0.3 Ma、37.4±0.4 Ma、38.8±0.6 Ma,从而限定了该地区美苏组沉积时代为始新世晚期。改则地区美苏组岩浆岩形成时代为班公湖-怒江缝合带调节印度-欧亚大陆碰撞之后高原内部刚性块体向东"逃逸"而重新活动提供了年代学证据。   相似文献   

不同因素对排水沟渠水平冻胀力的影响     

田亚护  胡康琼  邰博文  沈宇鹏  王腾飞 《岩土力学》2018,39(2):553-560

多年冻土地区的排水沟渠经常遭受水平冻胀力的破坏,严重影响构筑物的服役性能。根据青藏高原多年冻土区路基坡脚U型槽排水沟渠的现场试验,并通过数值计算与理论分析,分析了结构埋深、粗颗粒换填范围以及结构形式对其温度场和水平冻胀力的影响。结果表明：改变工况,对土体温度场分布的形状影响较小,仅对其大小有一定影响。不同工况下水平冻胀力均沿深度非均匀分布,最大水平冻胀力主要出现在结构中部,而其上部和下部较小,结构侧壁在1/2至1/3处易发生冻胀破坏。梯形结构所受的水平冻胀力较U型结构增大13%～15%左右,但其分布形式基本相同。因此,U型结构在降低水平冻胀力方面优于梯形结构。随着换填范围增大,排水沟渠的水平冻胀力最大值逐渐减小;对于埋深1.7 m的排水沟渠来说,其侧边的0～2.8 m是影响水平冻胀力的主要换填宽度范围,而当换填宽度超过2.8 m后,水平冻胀力几乎不再降低。  相似文献   

基于应变软化的岩土工程单元安全度评价方法研究     

姜谙男  郑帅  白涛  段龙梅  申发义  赵亮  薛焕东 《地质力学学报》2018,24(6):828-835

针对大多已有岩土工程局部安全评价方法未考虑拉伸破坏和屈服、破坏阶段的问题,对围岩的局部安全评价方法进行了相应的改进。基于Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则和应变软化模型建立了单元安全度的评价方法和新的定义,综合考虑剪切和拉伸破坏模式,定义一个统一的变量ZSD来表征和量化岩土体单元从弹性、屈服到破坏的安全程度,实现复杂应力状态下岩土体渐进破坏过程的局部安全性定量评价。推导了ZSD的各阶段表达公式,利用FISH语言在FLAC3D平台编写程序。通过相应的实例和工程进行了ZSD计算,验证了该方法的正确性与有效性。该方法具有参数表达简单,易于在程序中实现,可通过ZSD所在值域判断单元所处的状态,可直观揭示岩土体渐进破坏过程等诸多优点。该方法为分析和预测岩土工程中危险区域的演化和描述渐进破坏过程提供了有效的手段。   相似文献   

Seasonal dynamics influencing coastal primary production and phytoplankton communities along the southern Myanmar coast     

Maung-Saw-Htoo-Thaw  Shizuka Ohara  Kazumi Matsuoka  Tatsuya Yurimoto  Shota Higo  Khin-Ko-Lay  Win-Kyaing  Myint-Shwe  Sein-Thaung  Yin-Yin-Htay  Nang-Mya-Han  Khin-Maung-Cho  Si–Si-Hla-Bu  Swe-Thwin  Kazuhiko Koike 《Journal of Oceanography》2017,73(3):345-364

Myanmar is tenth among the world’s fish-producing countries and third in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). To understand the mechanisms underlying the high production, oceanographic and phytoplankton surveys, including primary productivity measurements based on pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry, were conducted near an active fishing ground near Myeik City. Three surveys, one in each of the representative seasons and covering the characteristic coastal environments, showed well-defined seasonality in primary production and phytoplankton occurrence. End of the dry season was the most productive, with productivity of 2.59 ± 1.56 g C m^?2 day^?1 and high concentration of chlorophyll a (3.14 ± 2.64 µg L^?1). In this season, the phytoplankton population was dominated by high densities of the diatoms Bellerochea horologicalis and Chaetoceros curvisetus, whereas primary productivity was low at the onset of the dry season, 1.36 ± 0.77 g C m^?2 day^?1. However, this low primary production might be compensated by activation of microbial food chains originating from high dissolved organic carbon. The rainy season exhibited the lowest production, 6.6% of the end of the dry season, due to the extensive discharge of turbid water from the rivers which lowered euphotic layer depth and resulted in an unusually high diffuse attenuation coefficient of 2.30 ± 1.03 m^?1. This incident of turbid water may be related to soil erosion from deforestation and mangrove deterioration. This research reveals the seasonal trend in Myanmar’s coastal productivity and its relationship to the tropical monsoon climate as well as emphasizing the importance of tropical coastal environments to the sustainability of the fisheries.  相似文献   

基于OLI多光谱遥感影像的八所港浅海水深反演          下载免费PDF全文

郭晓雷  邱振戈  谭琦  曹斌  栾奎峰  沈蔚 《海洋测绘》2017,(6):54-57

为了解决传统全局模型应用遥感影像反演水深的不足,提出地理自适应模型应用于八所港Landsat-8 OLI多光谱卫星影像。采用归一化水体指数进行水陆分离,在产生模拟数据时,为保证数据的合理性,对光谱灰度值进行自然对数求解。地理自适应模型将整个区域细分为5个小的区域单元,模型参数是自适应变化的,一般数学形式与传统全局模型一样。通过反演15m以浅的水深,发现光谱中对水体的敏感波段出现"红移";水深反演结果证明地理自适应模型有效地缓和了全局传统模型在底质类型和水体性质空间不均匀的问题,水深反演精度得到明显提高,并控制在1m以内。  相似文献   

三轴椭球表面积的近似计算          下载免费PDF全文

过家春  申文斌  边少锋  纪兵 《海洋测绘》2017,(4):15-18

推导出了一组三轴椭球表面积近似计算的级数展开公式,并对应地给出了三轴椭球退化为扁椭球和旋转椭球时的表面积公式。该组公式通过引入偏心率、第三扁率等扁率,使公式结构上更为简洁,具有对称性,进一步完善了椭球表面积的计算理论。验算分析表明,相比于传统的近似公式,给出的近似计算公式的精度显著提高,具有实用价值。  相似文献   

西北地区东部夏季水汽输送特征及其与降水的关系   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

赵光平  姜兵  王勇  沈新勇 《干旱区地理》2017,40(2):239-247

采用ERA Interim 再分析资料和160 站逐月站点降水资料,运用经验正交函数（EOF）分析、合成分析等方法揭示了西北东部3 个分区的水汽输送的区域气候特征、与降水EOF气候模态相对应的整层水汽输送特征以及降水偏多（少）年的水汽输送异常特征。结果表明：西北地区东部夏季经向水汽输送的大值区处于900 hPa~800 hPa 高度上;纬向水汽输送大值位于700 hPa~500 hPa 高度上。对西北东部降水做EOF 分析,第一模态为全区一致型,与降水相对应的西风影响区主要盛行西风水汽输送,季风边缘区的南部盛行西南风水汽输送;第二模态为东南-西北型,东风、东北风水汽输送流入西北东部地区;第三模态为东北－西南型,西风和西北风水汽输送将水汽带到西风影响区内。  相似文献   

The Effect of Higher Warming on Vegetation Indices and Biomass Production is Dampened by Greater Drying in an Alpine Meadow on the Northern Tibetan Plateau     

WANG Jiangwei  FU Gang  ZHANG Guangyu  SHEN Zhenxi 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2017,8(1):105-112

In order to understand whether or not the response of vegetation indices and biomass production to warming varies with warming magnitude, an experiment of field warming at two magnitudes was conducted in an alpine meadow on the northern Tibetan Plateau beginning in late June, 2013. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) data were obtained using a Tetracam Agricultural Digital Camera in 2013-2014. The gross primary production (GPP) and aboveground plant biomass (AGB) were modeled using the surface measured NDVI and climatic data during the growing seasons (i.e. June-September) in 2013-2014. Both low and high warming significantly increased air temperature by 1.54 and 4.00°C, respectively, and significantly increased vapor pressure deficit by 0.13 and 0.31 kPa, respectively, in 2013-2014. There were no significant differences of GNDVI, AGB and ANPP among the three warming treatments. The high warming significantly reduced average NDVI by 23.3% (-0.06), while the low warming did not affect average NDVI. The low and high warming significantly decreased average SAVI by 19.0% (-0.04) and 27.4% (-0.05), respectively, and average GPP by 24.2% (i.e. 0.21 g C m^-2 d^-1) and 44.0% (i.e. 0.39 g C m^-2 d^-1), respectively. However, the differences of the average NDVI, SAVI, and GPP between low and high warming were negligible. Our findings suggest that a greater drying may dampen the effect of a higher warming on vegetation indices and biomass production in alpine meadow on the northern Tibetan Plateau.  相似文献   

A modified normalized model for predicting effective soil thermal conductivity     

Hailong He  Ying Zhao  Miles F. Dyck  Bingcheng Si  Huijun Jin  Jialong Lv  Jinxin Wang 《Acta Geotechnica》2017,12(6):1281-1300

Effective soil thermal conductivity (λ _eff) describes the ability of a multiphase soil to transmit heat by conduction under unit temperature gradient. It is a critical parameter for environmental science, earth and planetary science, and engineering applications. Numerous models are available in the literature, but their applicability is generally restricted to certain soil types or water contents (θ). The objective of this study was to develop a new model in the similar form of the Johansen 1975 model to simulate the λ _eff(θ) relationship of soils of various soil textures and water contents. An exponential type model with two parameters is developed and a new function for calculating dry soil thermal conductivity is presented. Performance of the new model and six other normalized models were evaluated with published datasets. The results show that the new model is able to well mimic λ _eff(θ) relationship of soils from sand to silt loam and from oven dry to full saturation. In addition, it has the best performance among the seven models under test (with root-mean-square error of 0.059 W m^?1 °C^?1, average deviations of 0.0009 W m^?1 °C^?1, and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.994). The new model has potential to improve the reliability of soil thermal conductivity estimation and be incorporated into numerical modeling for environmental, earth and engineering studies.  相似文献