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191.
This study investigated temporal variations in the vertical structure and water properties of a warm-core ring that migrated
into the western subarctic gyre of the North Pacific, based on analyses of temperature and salinity data derived from two
profiling floats, together with shipboard and satellite observation data. The floats were initially deployed into cold and
fresh Oyashio water in September 2003, and were entrained into a warm-core ring in October 2003, remaining within the ring
until detrainment in December 2004. Drastic cooling and freshening of the upper core water of the ring were observed during
the above entrainment of the floats with cold and fresh water into the ring, whereas moderate variations in structure and
water properties were observed during a quasi-isolated phase from November 2003 to November 2004 when the ring did not experience
major interactions with ambient hydrographic features. The upper part of the core water (upper core), with relatively warm/saline
water above 26.6 σ
θ
, was under the influence of the atmosphere in winter via the formation of a deep mixed layer exceeding 300 dB, and had a
prominent pycnostad below the seasonal pycnocline from spring to autumn. In contrast, the lower core, with relatively cold
and fresh water below 26.6 σ
θ
, was not ventilated throughout the observation period. Isopycnal surfaces showed a shoaling trend of about 50 dB/year during
the quasi-isolated phase, suggesting viscous decay over a timescale of several years. Markedly cold and thick water was also
frequently observed within the ring, indicating the intrusion of water from the Sea of Okhotsk. 相似文献
192.
193.
Impact of rainfall variability and grazing pressure on plant diversity in Mongolian grasslands 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Climate and grazing are the main drivers of plant community composition and species richness in arid environments. This study aimed to examine the vegetation response to a spatial precipitation gradient, interannual rainfall variability, and grazing pressure in Mongolia. To examine the effect of a spatial precipitation gradient, we compared species richness among six sites. To investigate the effects of interannual rainfall variability and grazing pressure, we compared species richness for 2 years at two sites, in desert-steppe and steppe areas. The regional gradient in annual precipitation showed positive and negative relationships with grass richness and shrub richness, respectively, although total species richness did not vary significantly. The proportions of the different functional groups were affected by grazing pressure and rainfall variability in both zones. In the desert-steppe zone, species richness was lower in the drier year but did not vary with grazing pressure. In the steppe zone, species richness varied significantly with grazing pressure but did not vary between years. Precipitation would be more important than grazing pressure on vegetation changes in drier areas with high rainfall variability. 相似文献
194.
Shin Ozawa Masaaki Miyahara Eiji Ohtani Makoto Kimura Yoshinori Ito 《Polar Science》2011,4(4):550-557
Yamato 984028 (Y984028) is a newly identified lherzolitic shergottite, recovered from the Yamato Mountains, Antarctica, in 1999. As part of a consortium study, we conducted petrographic observations of Y984028 and its melt vein in order to investigate its shock metamorphism. The rock displays the typical non-poikilitic texture of lherzolitic shergottite, characterized by a framework of olivine, minor pyroxene (pigeonite and augite), and interstitial maskelynite. Shock metamorphic features include irregular fractures in olivine and pyroxene, shock-induced twin-lamellae in pyroxene, and the complete conversion of plagioclase to maskelynite, features consistent with those found in other lherzolitic shergottites. The melt vein is composed of coarse mineral fragments (mainly olivine) entrained in a matrix of fine-grained euhedral olivine (with several modes of compositional zoning) and interstitial glassy material. Some coarse olivine fragments consist of an assemblage of fine-grained euhedral to subhedral olivine crystals, suggesting shock-induced fragmentation, recrystallization, and/or a process of sintering. The implication is that the fine-grained olivine crystals in the matrix of the melt vein represent complicated crystallization environments and histories. 相似文献
195.
196.
We have proposed a time-weighted measurement using blue rayon that selectively adsorbs and concentrates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), e.g. benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). Though the method was demonstrated to be a convenient way to monitor PAH, the amount adsorbed to the blue rayon depends on the intensity of water stream and the level of PAH. The intensity of water stream was measured by ‘plaster ball’ method, while TWA of PAH in water was measured by a portable sampler using solid phase extraction cartridge. A level of BaP measured by the original blue rayon technique was corrected in this way by the water stream intensity, which correlated well with the TWA of BaP measured by the portable sampler. The improved blue rayon hanging method was applied to several field sites in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan. TWA of BaP ranged from 0.08 to 3.78 ngl−1. These results showed the possibility that the method could be used to evaluate pollution in aquatic environment. 相似文献
197.
A numerical investigation of the desaturation process at the argillaceous Tournemire site has been carried out. This desaturation
is initialized by the contact of the saturated rock with the ambient air in excavated openings. The used hydraulical model
is based on the Richards’ approximation for unsaturated one phase flow coupled with the deformation of a porous medium with
anisotropic linearly elastic behavior. In relation to the extent of the desaturated zone around an excavated opening, the
intrinsic permeability and the relative permeability have been identified to be the most important model parameters. The mechanical
deformation process itself, the seasonal influences and the tunnel lining are less important for the formation of the desaturated
zone. The comparison with measured saturation values bares some difficulties but indicates the principle capacity of the applied
finite element codes to simulate the desaturation process. The consideration of seasonal changes in humidity in the ambient
air results in a constantly recurring desaturation–resaturation cycle in the near field of the openings. This seasonally influenced
zone amount 1–2 m and is nearly independent from time and from a variation of model parameters within a reasonable range.
The possibility of material weakening in this zone is of special interest, since claystone is a potential host rock for the
disposal of radioactive waste. 相似文献
198.
T. Shimizu S. Nagata S. Tsuneta T. Tarbell C. Edwards R. Shine C. Hoffmann E. Thomas S. Sour R. Rehse O. Ito Y. Kashiwagi M. Tabata K. Kodeki M. Nagase K. Matsuzaki K. Kobayashi K. Ichimoto Y. Suematsu 《Solar physics》2008,249(2):221-232
The Hinode Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) is the first space-borne visible-light telescope that enables us to observe magnetic-field
dynamics in the solar lower atmosphere with 0.2 – 0.3 arcsec spatial resolution under extremely stable (seeing-free) conditions.
To achieve precise measurements of the polarization with diffraction-limited images, stable pointing of the telescope (<0.09 arcsec,
3σ) is required for solar images exposed on the focal plane CCD detectors. SOT has an image stabilization system that uses image
displacements calculated from correlation tracking of solar granules to control a piezo-driven tip-tilt mirror. The system
minimizes the motions of images for frequencies lower than 14 Hz while the satellite and telescope structural design damps
microvibration in higher frequency ranges. It has been confirmed from the data taken on orbit that the remaining jitter is
less than 0.03 arcsec (3σ) on the Sun. This excellent performance makes a major contribution to successful precise polarimetric measurements with 0.2 – 0.3 arcsec
resolution.
K. Kobayashi now at NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA. 相似文献
199.
Keisuke Fukushi Tomonori Sugiura Tomoaki Morishita Yoshio Takahashi Noriko Hasebe Hiroshi Ito 《Applied Geochemistry》2010
Greenish veins occurring in brecciated bentonite were found in the Kawasaki bentonite deposit of the Zao region in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. Their occurrence possibly indicates the interaction of bentonite with Fe-rich hydrothermal solutions. In order to prove the hypothesis and understand the long-term mineralogical and petrographic evolution of bentonite during such interactions, the greenish veins and the surrounding altered bentonite were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersed spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) and micro X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). The greenish veins resulting from hydrothermal solution are composed of mixed-layer minerals consisting of smectite and glauconite (glaucony), pyrite and opal. The occurrences indicate that glaucony and pyrite formed almost simultaneously from hydrothermal solution prior to opal precipitation. The mineral assemblages of the greenish veins and their surroundings indicate that the hydrothermal activity had most likely taken place at a temperature of less than 100 °C and that the pH and Eh conditions of the reacted solution were neutral to alkaline pH and reducing. The unaltered bentonite is composed mainly of Al smectite and opal. These minerals coexist as a mixture within the resolution level of the microprobe analyses. On the other hand, the bentonite in contact with the greenish veins consists of discrete opal grains and dioctahedral Al smectite containing Fe and was altered mineralogically and petrographically by the hydrothermal activity. Both the clay minerals and the opal were formed by dissolution and subsequent precipitation from the interaction of the original bentonite with the hydrothermal solution. 相似文献
200.
Expansive soils exhibit large volume changes when their water content changes. Alternate heave and settlement due to seasonal
climatic variations result in distress and damage in civil infrastructure systems. This research focuses on the understanding
of swelling and shrinkage phenomenon in the surface layer of expansive soils. Undisturbed field samples were used to capture
the effect of in situ conditions (geologically induced fissuring and environmentally caused saturation) on volume change properties of Regina clay.
Based on laboratory investigations, the swelling potential and swelling pressure of the native clay at S = 82% were found to be 1.5% and 3.5 kPa, respectively. The swell-shrink path during progressive soil drying followed an S-shaped curve comprising of an initial low structural shrinkage followed by a sharp decline during normal shrinkage and then
by a low decrease during residual shrinkage. The soil microstructure correlated well with the observed volume change behaviour
as well as with the consistency limits. The presence of fissures in field samples at various degrees of saturation confirmed
that the investigated deposit is at an equilibrium condition with respect to the swell-shrink phenomenon. The swelling properties
at any initial saturation state were estimated using the free swelling test and the swell-shrink test data in conjunction.
The swelling potential increased 12 times (from 2 to 24%) and the swelling pressure increased by two orders of magnitude (from
27 to 2500 kPa) with a change in the degree of saturation from 80% (at the plastic limit) to 60% (at the shrinkage limit). 相似文献