Brownish discoloration of the summit crater lake of Mt. Shinmoe-dake,Kirishima Volcano,Japan: volcanic–microbial coupled origin     

Shinji Ohsawa  Kenji Sugimori  Hiroshi Yamauchi  Tomoyuki Koeda  Hiroaki Inaba  Yoshihisa Kataoka  Tsuneomi Kagiyama 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2014,76(5):1-10

A drastic change in lake water color from blue-green to brown was observed in the summit crater lake of Mt. Shinmoe-dake, Kirishima Volcano about 8 months after its 2008 eruption. The color change lasted for about 2 months (April–June 2009). The discoloration was attributed to a brownish color suspension that had formed in the lake water. X-ray fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared analyses of a sample of the suspension identified schwertmannite (Fe₈O₈(OH)₆(SO₄)). A cultivation test of iron-oxidizing bacteria for the sampled lake water with lakebed sediment revealed that the crater lake hosts iron-oxidizing bacteria, which likely participated in schwertmannite formation. We suggest that pyrite (FeS₂) provided an energy source for the iron-oxidizing bacteria since the mineral was identified in hydrothermally altered tephra ejected by the August 2008 eruption. From consideration of these and other factors, the brownish discoloration of the summit crater lake of Mt. Shinmoe-dake was inferred to have resulted from a combined volcanic–microbial process.  相似文献   

The making and breaking of supercontinents: Some speculations based on superplumes, super downwelling and the role of tectosphere   总被引：13，自引：7，他引：6  

M. Santosh  Shigenori Maruyama  Shinji Yamamoto 《Gondwana Research》2009,15(3-4):324-341

The mechanisms of formation and disruption of supercontinents have been topics of debate. Based on the Y-shaped topology, we identify two major types of subduction zones on the globe: the Circum-Pacific subduction zone and the Tethyan subduction zone. We propose that the process of formation of supercontinents is controlled by super downwelling that develops through double-sided subduction zones as seen in the present day western Pacific, and also as endorsed by both geologic history and P-wave whole mantle tomography. The super-downwelling swallows all material like a black hole in the outer space, pulling together continents into a tight assembly. The fate of supercontinents is dictated by superplumes (super-upwelling) which break apart the continental assemblies. We evaluate the configuration of major supercontinents through Earth history and propose the tectonic framework leading to the future supercontinent Amasia 250 million years from present, with the present day Western Pacific region as its frontier. We propose that the tectosphere which functions as the buoyant keel of continental crust plays a crucial role in the supercontinental cycle, including continental fragmentation, dispersion and amalgamation. The continental crust is generally very thin, only about one tenth of the thickness of the tectosphere. If the rigidity and buoyancy is derived from the tectosphere, with the granitic upper crust playing only a negligible role, then supercontinent cycle may reflect the dispersion and amalgamation of the tectosphere. Therefore, supercontinent cycle may correspond to super-tectosphere cycle.  相似文献   

Izu-Bonin arc subduction under the Honshu island, Japan: Evidence from geological and seismological aspect   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Shinji Yamamoto  Junichi Nakajima  Akira Hasegawa  Shigenori Maruyama 《Gondwana Research》2009,16(3-4):572-580

The Izu-Bonin intra-oceanic arc with 20–35 km thick continental crust is being subducted under the Honshu, presumably since 17 Ma. Tomographic image clearly demonstrates that the whole Izu-Bonin arc is subducting under the Honshu arc. Geologic cross section and the thickness of continental crust do not support the accretion of thick crust in spite of the continued subduction over 17 Ma.  相似文献   

Studies on critical Reynolds number indices for wind-tunnel experiments on flow within urban areas   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

Kiyoshi Uehara  Shinji Wakamatsu  Ryozo Ooka 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,107(2):353-370

Reynolds-number dependence of flow fields within a modelled urban area was studied in a wind tunnel. We measured flow around a single model building and around model city blocks at various wind speeds, and studied Reynolds number indices more appropriate than the building Reynolds number. Our results led to the following conclusions. Firstly, the flow around the models in the wind tunnel was roughly divided into three parts according to the intensities of viscous stress and Reynolds stress as follows: (1) the flow in the vicinity of the ground or the surfaces of the model, where viscous stress became dominant under certain conditions; (2) the flow detached from the surfaces of the model, where Reynolds stress was always dominant; and (3) the flow around the separation bubble at the leading edge of the building model, where the influences of both viscous stress near the wall and the Reynolds stress in the separated boundary layer were mixed.Secondly, the critical Reynolds number of the flow in the modelled urban area could be defined by using both the roughness Reynolds number Re_z0 (= z₀u_*/) and the dimensionless height z₊ (= zu_*/). Reynolds-number independence could be expected for whole flow fields in the modelled urban areas as long as the critical values of Re_z0 and z₊ were satisfied.  相似文献   

中国西风区黄土常量元素地球化学行为与古环境   总被引：15，自引：9，他引：15  

叶玮  Yabuki Sadaya  Kanayama Shinji 《干旱区地理》2003,26(1):23-29

位于中国西风区新疆伊犁盆地黄土与古土壤样品的常量元素分析表明，其烧失量和SiO2含量与样品的碳酸盐含量正相关。黄土与古土壤SiO2含量没有明显差别，但Al、Fe、Mn和K在古土壤中发生一定的分异，代表了相对强的成壤作用。与黄土高原相比，伊犁盆地 末次间冰期古土壤富钛、铁、锰、镁和钙（个别样品除外），而黄土高原S1更加贫钠和钾，而且钙含量很低；末次冰期黄土富锰、镁和钙，贫纳和钾，而黄土高原L1以富钙贫钠、钾为特征。常量元素地球化学行为揭示，伊犁黄土与古土壤较黄土高原同期黄土与古土壤形成于更加干旱的气候环境中。  相似文献   

Subduction of the Woodlark Basin at New Britain Trench, Solomon Islands region   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shinji Yoneshima  Kimihiro Mochizuki  Eiichiro Araki  Ryota Hino  Masanao Shinohara  Kiyoshi Suyehiro 《Tectonophysics》2005,397(3-4):225-239

The Woodlark Basin, located south of the Solomon Islands arc region, is a young (5 Ma) oceanic basin that subducts beneath the New Britain Trench. This region is one of only a few subduction zones in the world where it is possible to study a young plate subduction of several Ma. To obtain the image of the subducting slab at the western side of the Woodlark Basin, a 40-day Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) survey was conducted in 1998 to detect the micro-seismic activity. It was the first time such a survey had been performed in this location and over 600 hypocenters were located. The seismic activity is concentrated at the 10–60 km depth range along the plate boundary. The upper limit just about coincides with the leading edge of the accretionary wedge. The upper limit boundary was identified as the up-dip limit of the seismogenic zone, whereas the down-dip limit of the seismogenic zone was difficult to define. The dip angle of the plate at the high seismicity zone was found to average about 30°. Using the Cascadia subduction zone for comparison, which is a typical example of a young plate subduction, suggests that the subduction of the Woodlark Basin was differentiated by a high dip angle and rather landward location of the seismic front from the trench axis (30 km landward from the trench axis). Furthermore, as pointed out by previous researchers, the convergent margin of the Solomon Islands region is imposed with a high stress state, probably due to the collision of the Ontong Java Plateau and a rather rapid convergence rate (10 cm/year). The results of the high angle plate subduction and inner crust earthquakes beneath the Shortland Basin strongly support the high stress state. The collision of the Ontong Java Plateau, the relatively rapid convergence rate, and moderately cold slab as evidenced by low heat flow, rather than the plate age, may be dominantly responsible for the geometry of the seismogenic zone in the western part of the Woodlark Basin subduction zone.  相似文献   

A 100 m laser strainmeter system installed in a 1 km deep tunnel at Kamioka, Gifu, Japan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Shuzo Takemoto  Akito Araya  Junpei Akamatsu  Wataru Morii  Hideo Momose  Masatake Ohashi  Ichiro Kawasaki  Toshihiro Higashi  Yoichi Fukuda  Shinji Miyoki  Takashi Uchiyama  Daisuke Tatsumi  Hideo Hanada  Isao Naito  Souichi Telada  Nobuo Ichikawa  Kensuke Onoue  Yasuo Wada 《Journal of Geodynamics》2004,38(3-5):477

We have installed a laser strainmeter system in a deep tunnel about 1,000 m below the ground surface at Kamioka, Gifu, Japan. The system consists of three types of independent interferometers: (1) an EW linear strainmeter of the Michelson type with unequal arms, (2) an NS-EW differential strainmeter of the Michelson type with equal arms and (3) a NS absolute strainmeter of the Fabry–Perot type. These are configured in L-shaped vacuum pipes, each of which has a length of 100 m. (1) and (2) are highly sensitive (order of 10⁻¹³ strain) and have wide dynamical range (10⁻¹³–10⁻⁶). Observations with strainmeters (1) and (2) started on June 11, 2003. (3) is a new device for absolute-length measurements of the order of 10⁻⁹ of a long-baseline (100 m) Fabry–Perot cavity by the use of phase-modulated light. This third strainmeter will be ready for operation before the end of 2004. The laser source of strainmeters (1) and (2) is a frequency-doubled YAG laser with a wavelength of 532 nm. The laser frequency is locked onto an iodine absorption line and a stability of 2 × 10⁻¹³ is attained. The light paths of the laser strainmeter system are enclosed in SUS304 stainless steel pipes. The inside pressure is kept to be 10⁻⁴ Pa. Consequently, quantitative measurement of crustal strains of the order of 10⁻¹³ can be attained by employing the laser strainmeter system of (1) and (2) at Kamioka. This resolving power corresponds to that of a superconducting gravimeter. Using the laser strainmeter system, we expect to determine parameters related to fluid core resonance, core modes and core undertone as well as other geodynamic signals such as slow strain changes caused by silent earthquakes or slow earthquakes.  相似文献   

MECHANISM OF ARMORING PHENOMENA     

Shinji Egathira  Kazuo Ashida Associate Professor  Disaster Prevention Research institute  Kyoto University. Professor  Disaster Prevention Research Institute  Kyoto University. 《国际泥沙研究》1990,(1)

I. INTRODUCTIONArmor coats, which are comPOSed of particles coarser than those of the under layers, are usually foundon the bed surfaces of mountain streams or gravel bed rivers. A large number of P8pers have been publishedon armor coats. Most of them emphasize that the selective entrainment or transportation plays an imPOrtantrole on the armoring processes.Some recent studies indicate that the difficulty arises in describing the propagation of armor coats interms of selective entrainm…  相似文献   

Spatio-temporal stress states estimated from seismicity rate changes in the Tokai region, central Japan     

Shinji Toda  Shozo Matsumura   《Tectonophysics》2006,417(1-2):53

Since unprecedented large-scale silent slip was detected by GPS in 2001 in the Tokai region, evaluating whether such movement is uniquely connected to the expected Tokai earthquake or repeatedly occurs in this area becomes vitally important. Because of short history of GPS observations and the limited areal coverage surrounding the Suruga trough, we take advantage of continuously recorded seismicity that is presumed to be sensitive to the deformation at seismogenic depth. Together with the well-maintained NIED earthquake data, we employ the seismicity-to-stress inversion approach of rate/state friction to infer the spatio-temporal stress changes in and around the presumed hypocentral zone of the future Tokai earthquake. Mapping stress changes inverted from microseismicity year by year, we find that the stress under Lake Hamana, the western expected future Tokai source, has been decreasing since 1999, during which the GPS data showed a normal trend of plate coupling. In contrast, stresses in the surrounding regions are calculated to have increased by transfer from Lake Hamana region. We interpret that this continuous process is associated with the 2000–2004 Tokai slow slip event. The characteristic patterns related to aseismic stress-release are also identified in the early 1980s and during 1987–1989, when slow events are inferred to have occurred on the basis of conventional geodetic measurements. Revisiting the seismotectonics and taking into account the mechanical implications of the inversion results, we argue that the transition zone situated between a deep stable creeping zone and a locked zone undergoes episodic creep and plays an important role in the transfer of stress to the locked zone. Consequently, even though we speculate that the current (2000 to present-day) silent slip event might be one of the repeating events, the inferred enlargement of the stress releasing area is significant and possibly raises the likelihood of the next Tokai earthquake.  相似文献   

Progressive metamorphism of the Taitao ophiolite; evidence for axial and off-axis hydrothermal alterations     

Takazo Shibuya  Tsuyoshi Komiya  Ryo Anma  Tsutomu Ota  Soichi Omori  Yoshiaki Kon  Shinji Yamamoto  Shigenori Maruyama 《Lithos》2007,98(1-4):233-260

We estimated metamorphic conditions for the  6 Ma Taitao ophiolite, associated with the Chile triple junction. The metamorphic grade of the ophiolite, estimated from secondary matrix minerals, changes stratigraphically downwards from the zeolite facies, through the prehnite–actinolite facies, greenschist facies and the greenschist–amphibolite transition, to the amphibolite facies. The metamorphic facies series corresponds to the low-pressure type. The metamorphic zone boundaries are subparallel to the internal lithological boundaries of the ophiolite, indicating that the metamorphism was due to axial hydrothermal alteration at a mid-ocean ridge.

Mineral assemblages and the compositions of veins systematically change from quartz-dominated, through epidote-dominated, to prehnite-dominated with increasing depth. Temperatures estimated from the vein assemblages range from  230 °C in the volcanic unit to  380 °C at the bottom of the gabbro unit, systematically  200 °C lower than estimates from the adjoining matrix minerals. The late development of veins and the systematically lower temperatures suggest that the vein-forming alteration was due to off-axis hydrothermal alteration.

Comparison between the Taitao ophiolite with its mid-ocean ridge (MOR) affinity, and other ophiolites and MOR crusts, suggests that the Taitao ophiolite has many hydrothermal alteration features similar to those of MOR crusts. This is consistent with the tectonic history that the Taitao ophiolite was formed at the South Chile ridge system near the South American continent (Anma, R., Armstrong, R., Danhara, T., Orihashi, Y. and Iwano, H., 2006. Zircon sensitive high mass-resolution ion microprobe U–Pb and fission-track ages for gabbros and sheeted dykes of the Taitao ophiolite, Southern Chile, and their tectonic implications. The Island Arc, 15(1): 130–142).  相似文献