Estimating groundwater residence time using multiple regression model based on fluoride dissolution: an exploration of possibilities     

Abdelrahman Mohamed Abdelgawad  Kunio Watanabe  Mebruk Mohammed  Shinji Takeuchi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(3):449-462

High levels of fluoride concentration were observed in deep groundwater of the Mizunami area in Central Japan. Fluoride occurs mainly due to the reaction between granitic basement rock and groundwater. Granites were collected, crushed to powder, and then allowed to react with purified water for 80 days. Water–rock interaction results showed that the major factor affecting fluoride concentration is the residence time of the groundwater. Coexisting ions have also some contribution toward fluoride concentration. The groundwater residence time in the Mizunami area was estimated by applying results of water–rock interaction to correspond with field data. A regression model relating fluoride concentration, residence time, and coexisting ions was developed. The parameters of the regression model were determined using the genetic algorithms technique. Residence time was estimated by extrapolating experimental data to correspond with filed data. Near the recharge area, residence times in the potential fluoride source rock varied between 1 and 2,000 years, whereas near the discharge area residence times were in excess of tens of thousands of years. The groundwater residence time was also estimated by the groundwater particle-tracking-flow model. The estimates of groundwater residence time based on geochemical regression model were often larger than estimates of groundwater residence time developed by particle-tracking analysis using a groundwater flow model. There were large uncertainties—on the order of 10–10,000 years—in the estimates based on geochemical data.  相似文献   

The structure and behavior of the arctic cyclone in summer analyzed by the JRA-25/JCDAS data     

H.L. Tanaka  Akio Yamagami  Shinji Takahashi 《Polar Science》2012,6(1):55-69

In this study, three-dimensional structures and the life-time behavior of arctic cyclones are investigated as case studies, using reanalysis data of JRA-25 and JCDAS. In recent years, arctic region has undergone drastic warming in conjunction with the reduced sea ice concentration in summer. The rapid reduction of the sea ice concentration is explained, to some extent, by a pressure dipole of the arctic cyclone and Beaufort high over the Arctic Ocean. This paper presents some case studies for the structure of the arctic cyclone.It is found by the analysis of this study that the arctic cyclone indicates many differences in structure and behavior compared with the mid-latitude cyclone. The arctic cyclones move rather randomly in direction over the Arctic Ocean. The arctic cyclone has a barotropic structure in the vertical from the surface to the stratosphere. The arctic cyclone detected at the sea level pressure is connected with the polar vortex at the 500 hPa level and above. Importantly, the arctic cyclone has a cold core in the troposphere and a warm core around the 200 hPa level. The mechanism of the formation is discussed based on the analyzed structure of the arctic cyclones.  相似文献   

Petrological variation of large-volume felsic magmas from Hakkoda-Towada caldera cluster: Implications for the origin of high-K felsic magmas in the Northeast Japan Arc     

Takashi  Kudo  Minoru  Sasaki  Yoshihiro  Uchiyama  Akifumi  Nozawa  Hisashi  Sasaki  Takeshi  Tokizawa  Shinji  Takarada 《Island Arc》2007,16(1):133-155

Abstract The Hakkoda‐Towada caldera cluster (HTCC) is a typical Late Cenozoic caldera cluster located in the northern part of the Northeast Japan Arc. The HTCC consists of five caldera volcanoes, active between 3.5 Ma and present time. The felsic magmas can be classified into high‐K (HK‐) type and medium‐ to low‐K (MLK‐) type based on their whole‐rock chemistry. The HK‐type magmas are characterized by higher K₂O and Rb contents and higher ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios than MLK‐type magmas. Both magmas cannot be derived from fractional crystallization of any basaltic magma in the HTCC. Assimilation‐fractional crystallization model calculations show that crustal assimilation is necessary for producing the felsic magmas, and HK‐type magmas are produced by higher degree of crustal assimilation with fractional crystallization than MLK‐type magmas. Although MLK‐type magmas were erupted throughout HTCC activity, HK‐type magmas were erupted only during the initial stage. The temporal variations of magma types suggest the large contribution of crustal components in the initial stage. A major volcanic hiatus of 3 my before the HTCC activity suggests a relatively cold crust in the initial stage. The cold crust probably promoted crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization, and caused the initial generation of HK‐type magmas. Subsequently, the repeated supply of mantle‐derived magmas raised temperature in the crust and formed relatively stable magma pathways. Such a later system produced MLK‐type magmas with lesser crustal components. The MLK‐type magmas are common and HK‐type magmas are exceptional during the Pliocene–Quaternary volcanism in the Northeast Japan Arc. This fact suggests that exceptional conditions are necessary for the production of HK‐type magmas. A relatively cold crust caused by a long volcanic hiatus (several million years) is considered as one of the probable conditions. Intensive crustal assimilation and fractional crystallization promoted by the cold crust may be necessary for the generation of highly evolved HK‐type felsic magmas.  相似文献   

Pyroclastic flows from the 1991 eruption of Unzen volcano,Japan   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Takahiro Yamamoto  Shinji Takarada  Shigeru Suto 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1993,55(3):166-175

Pyroclastic flows from Unzen were generated by gravitational collapse of the growing lava dome. As soon as the parental lobe failed at the edge of the dome, spontaneous shattering of lava occurred and induced a gravity flow of blocks and finer debris. The flows had a overhanging, tongue-like head and cone- or rollershaped vortices expanding outward and upward. Most of the flows traveled from 1 to 3 km, but some flows reached more than 4 km, burning houses and killing people in the evacuated zone of Kita-kamikoba on the eastern foot of the volcano. The velocities of the flows ranged from 15 to 25 m/s on the gentle middle flank. Observations of the flows and their deposits suggest that they consisted of a dense basal avalanche and an overlying turbulent ash cloud. The basal avalanche swept down a topographic low and formed to tongue-like lobe having well-defined levees; it is presumed to have moved as a non-Newtonian fluid. The measured velocities and runout distances of the flows can be matched to a Bingham model for the basal avalanche by the addition of turbulent resistance. The rheologic model parameters for the 29 May flow are as follows: the density is 1300 kg/m³, the yield strength is 850 Pa, the viscosity is 90 Pa s, and the thickness of the avalanche is 2 m. The ash cloud is interpreted as a turbulent mixing layer above the basal avalanche. The buoyant portions of the cloud produced ash-fall deposits, whereas the dense portions moved as a surge separated from the parental avalanche. The ash-cloud surges formed a wide devastated zone covered by very thin debris. The initial velocities of the 3 June surges, when they detached from avalanches, are determined by the runout distance and the angle of the energy-line slope. A comparison between the estimated velocities of the 3 June avalanches and the surges indicates that the surges that extended steep slopes along the avalanche path, detached directly from the turbulent heads of the avalanches. The over-running surge that reached Kita-Kamikoba had an estimated velocity higher than that of the avalanche; this farther-travelled surge is presumed to have been generated by collapse of a rising ash-cloud plume.  相似文献   

Automatic extraction of lineament information from satellite images using digital elevation data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Venkatesh Raghavan  Kiyoshi Wadatsumi  Shinji Masumoto 《Natural Resources Research》1993,2(2):148-155

Using conventional visual interpretation in lineament analysis presents two main problems. The first is subjectivity, introduced because of the bias of various interpreters. The second problem is that lineaments detected from satellite images are constrained by the direction of the illumination source. Since lineament identification mainly involves recognition of diagnostic morphological features, the use of digital elevation can contribute significant information about these features. Further, in generating images using digital elevation data, the direction of illumination can easily be controlled. Thus, the use of digital elevation data offers the possibility of revealing features not apparent in regular satellite images.We discuss a sequential line detection method for extraction of linear features from digital elevation data. In this method, raw elevation data is used for generating shaded relief images using the Lambertian reflection model, wherein the illumination direction is controlled by the user. The Directional Segment Detection Algorithm (DSDA) is used for detecting linear topographic features in user-defined trends. Locational information about these linear features is stored in the computer as coordinate pairs amenable to editing and subsequent analysis. Finally, three-dimensional terrain models are generated by combining the digital elevation data and satellite images. The experiments were carried out using digital elevation data of southwest Japan and Landsat MSS data.  相似文献   

A diametral deformation method forin situ stress and rock property measurement     

Shosei Serata  Shinji Kikuchi 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》1986,4(1):15-38

Summary Failure deformation of a borehole boundary in response to hydraulic loading via a plastic cylinder is directly related to both the initial stress state and the material properties of the ground. These relationships are utilized for determination ofin situ stress states and material properties of complex geological formations, including fractured hard rock and soft ductile media, by directly measuring diametral deformation of the borehole in relation to the applied pressure. This new method was first developed by means of finite element simulation models, and later confirmed by laboratory model studies. This method was then field tested in an outcropping of homogeneous sandstone and later applied to three underground geological formations: highly stratified shale, rock salt, and fractured green schist. Some of the results of these field applications are presented here to illustrate the validity and usefulness of this method, especially for complex ground where the conventional methods of overcoring and hydrofracturing may be ineffective. The instrumentation of this method involves a borehole probe which utilizes electrically powered hydraulic pumping and computerized data acquisition for rapid measurement and on-site analysis. The significance of the new method is its ability to obtain input data ofin situ stress states and material properties for finite element analysis of earth structures in complex ground.  相似文献   

Fluxes of Amino Acid and Hexosamine in Sinking Particles in Subarctic and Arctic Coastal Regions     

Shinji Hashimoto  Yoshiaki Maita 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(5):731-738

Spatial and temporal variations in the vertical fluxes of amino acids and hexosamine were studied at coastal sites in the south of the Chukchi Sea, Otsuchi Bay, and the center and the entrance of Funka Bay. Amino acid fluxes were higher in the upper trap than in the lower trap material, but hexosamine fluxes were opposite to amino acid fluxes. The ratios between protein amino acids (Asp, Glu and Arg) and their decomposition products (β-Ala, γ-Aba and Orn) indicate that the labile organic matter was more abundant in the upper traps than in the lower ones and increased during periods of enhanced amino acid fluxes. The ratios of Ser/Gly did not vary temporally and spatially and were nearly constant, indicating that Ser and Gly were preserved in a stable form within sinking particles. Hexosamine/amino acid ratios of these particles were higher in the lower sediment trap than in the upper trap material. This implies that the sinking particles derived from zooplankton are relatively more abundant in deep layers than in the surface layer in the water column. We suggest that the difference in amino acid flux and the composition between the upper and lower trap material is influenced by the processes of microbial decomposition and zooplankton consumption of sinking particulate organic matter. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Verification of vertically generalized production model and estimation of primary production in Sagami Bay,Japan     

Joji Ishizaka  Eko Siswanto  Tetsuya Itoh  Hiroshi Murakami  Yukuya Yamaguchi  Naho Horimoto  Takashi Ishimaru  Shinji Hashimoto  Toshiro Saino 《Journal of Oceanography》2007,63(3):517-524

The Vertically Generalized Production Model (VGPM) was verified by the primary production data of the Sagami Bay, Japan. The VGPM with open ocean parameters including P ^B _opt , maximum primary production per unit of chlorophyll a in the water column, explained only 40% of the variability of integrated primary production. Formulations of the open ocean P ^B _opt showed no correlation with in situ P ^B _opt . Adjustment of the parameters of chlorophyll a and temperature dependent P ^B _opt improved the estimation of integrated primary production to 47% of the variation. Vertical integration parameters of VGPM also have to be adjusted to improve the estimation. Integrated primary production calculated with a stronger light dependency and with the adjusted P ^B _opt model can explain 74% of the variation. This model was used to estimate primary production of the Sagami Bay during 2003 with satellite data. In situ measurements on cloudy days indicate that the use of satellite data from sunny days only overestimates primary production.  相似文献   

Three-year investigations into sperm whale-fall ecosystems in Japan   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Yoshihiro Fujiwara  Masaru Kawato  Tomoko Yamamoto  Toshiro Yamanaka  Waka Sato-Okoshi  Chikayo Noda  Shinji Tsuchida  Tomoyuki Komai  Sherine Sonia Cubelio  Takenori Sasaki  Karen Jacobsen  Kaoru Kubokawa  Katsunori Fujikura  Tadashi Maruyama  Yasuo Furushima  Kenji Okoshi  Hiroshi Miyake  Masayuki Miyazaki  Yuichi Nogi  Akiko Yatabe  & Takashi Okutani 《Marine Ecology》2007,28(1):219-232

We report the first study of sperm whale‐fall ecosystems, based on mass sinking of whale carcasses at shelf depths in the northwest Pacific. We conducted three observations over a 2‐year period on replicate sperm‐whale carcasses implanted at depths of 219–254 m off the southern part of Japan from July 2003 to August 2005. The study was made possible by a mass stranding of sperm whales in January 2002, and the subsequent sinking of 12 carcasses in the waters off Cape Nomamisaki. Dense aggregations of unique chemosynthesis‐based fauna had formed around the whale carcasses after 18 months (July 2003). The mytilid mussel Adipicola pacifica was the most abundant macrofaunal species and covered most of the exposed bone surfaces. The general composition of the fauna was similar to that of deep‐water reducing habitats, but none of the species appearing in this study has been found at hydrothermal vents, cold seeps or deep‐water whale falls. A new species of lancelet, which was the first record of the subphylum Cephalochordata from reducing environments, a new species of Osedax; a rarely encountered benthic ctenophore, and a rare gastropod species were discovered at this sperm whale‐fall site. Benthic communities were similar across all the carcasses studied, although the body sizes of the whales were very different. The succession of epifaunal communities was relatively rapid and the sulphophilic stage was considerably shorter than that of other known whale falls.  相似文献   

On the mean sea levels at various locations along the coasts of Japan     

Masito Nakano  Shinji Yamada 《Journal of Oceanography》1975,31(2):71-84

The yearly variations of mean sea levels at various locations along the coasts of Japan have been investigated, based upon the data of observation taken at 55 tide-gauge stations from 1953 to 1970, and some discussions have been made on the relationships between those variations and meteorological and oceanographical conditions, etc. The results obtained are as follows:

1. In cases covering 90% of all the tide-gauge stations, the magnitude of the annual mean rate of variation of ground level is less than 10 mm/year, and the mean value of the magnitude for all the stations is ?3.17 mm/year, while that exclusive of Osaka is ?1.7 mm/year.
2. The effect of atmospheric pressure variation on the height of annual mean sea level is of the order of several centimeters in view from both time and place.
3. In view of the characteristic types of variations, the coasts of Japan may be divided into five regions of similar mean sea level deviations. And in the yearly variations of mean sea levels, there can be seen a kind of variation which corresponds to the variation of oceanographical conditions such as abnormal fall of seawater temperature.
4. The mean sea level deviations at various locations along the coasts of Japan, referred to the standard sea level “T.P.” are different for different places. Namely, (1) on the coast of the Japan Sea, the west coast of Kyushu, the coast of Sanriku and the coast of Hokkaido, the mean sea level is higher than on the Pacific coasts from Southern Kyushu to Southern Honshu. (2) Along the coast of the Seto-Inland Sea, the mean sea level is generally higher.

As for the leading causes of the above deviations, we may safely enumerate the following ones, viz. (a) the effect of the deflecting force of the earth's rotation on currents, and (b) the effect of variation of seawater density. However, as regards the relative importance of these two effects, no decisive conclusion can yet be given for the present.  相似文献