A Linearized k-\epsilon Model of Forest Canopies and Clearings     

Antonio Segalini  Tetsuya Nakamura  Koji Fukagata 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2016,161(3):439-460

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Effects of climate change on potential habitats of the cold temperate coniferous forest in Yunnan province,southwestern China     

Wang-jun Li  Ming-chun Peng  Motoki Higa  Nobuyuki Tanaka  Tetsuya Matsui  Cindy Q. Tang  Xiao-kun Ou  Rui-wu Zhou  Chong-yun Wang  Hai-zhong Yan 《山地科学学报》2016,13(8):1411-1422

We built a classification tree(CT) model to estimate climatic factors controlling the cold temperate coniferous forest(CTCF) distributions in Yunnan province and to predict its potential habitats under the current and future climates, using seven climate change scenarios, projected over the years of 2070-2099. The accurate CT model on CTCFs showed that minimum temperature of coldest month(TMW) was the overwhelmingly potent factor among the six climate variables. The areas of TMW-4.05 were suitable habitats of CTCF, and the areas of -1.35 TMW were non-habitats, where temperate conifer and broad-leaved mixed forests(TCBLFs) were distribute in lower elevation, bordering on the CTCF. Dominant species of Abies, Picea, and Larix in the CTCFs, are more tolerant to winter coldness than Tsuga and broad-leaved trees including deciduous broad-leaved Acer and Betula, evergreen broadleaved Cyclobalanopsis and Lithocarpus in TCBLFs. Winter coldness may actually limit the cool-side distributions of TCBLFs in the areas between -1.35°C and -4.05°C, and the warm-side distributions of CTCFs may be controlled by competition to the species of TCBLFs. Under future climate scenarios, the vulnerable area, where current potential(suitable + marginal) habitats(80,749 km~2) shift to nonhabitats, was predicted to decrease to 55.91%(45,053 km~2) of the current area. Inferring from the current vegetation distribution pattern, TCBLFs will replace declining CTCFs. Vulnerable areas predicted by models are important in determining priority of ecosystem conservation.  相似文献   

Chert–clastic sequence in the Cretaceous Shimanto Accretionary Complex on the central Kii Peninsula,SW Japan     

Yusuke Shimura  Makoto Takeuchi  Tetsuya Tokiwa 《Island Arc》2020,29(1)

Ocean plate stratigraphy (OPS) within an ancient accretionary complex provides important information for understanding the history of an oceanic plate from its origin at a mid‐ocean ridge to its subduction at a trench. Here, we report a recently discovered chert–clastic sequence (CCS) that comprises a continuous succession from pelagic sediments to terrigenous clastics and which constitutes part of the OPS in the Akataki Complex within the Cretaceous Shimanto Accretionary Complex on the central Kii Peninsula, SW Japan. As well as describing this sequence, we present U–Pb ages of detrital zircons from terrigenous clastic rocks in the CCS, results for which show that the youngest single grain and youngest cluster ages belong to the Santonian–Campanian and are younger than the radiolarian age from the underlying pelagic sedimentary rock (late Albian–Cenomanian). Thus, the CCS records the movement history of the oceanic plate from pelagic sedimentation (until the late Albian–Cenomanian) to a terrigenous sediment supply (Santonian–Campanian).  相似文献   

Timing of dextral oblique subduction along the eastern margin of the Asian continent in the Late Cretaceous: Evidence from the accretionary complex of the Shimanto Belt in the Kii Peninsula, Southwest Japan   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Tetsuya  Tokiwa 《Island Arc》2009,18(2):306-319

Paleomagnetic studies and hotspot track analyses show that the Kula Plate was subducted dextrally with respect to the Eurasian Plate from the Coniacian to Campanian. However, geological evidence for dextral subduction of the Kula Plate has not been reported from Southwest Japan. Studies of the Coniacian to lower Campanian Miyama Formation of the Shimanto Belt reveal that the mélange fabrics show a dextral sense of shear both at outcrop and microscopic scales. In addition, thrust systems at map-scale also show dextral shearing. Restored shear directions in the mélange indicate dextral oblique subduction of an oceanic plate. This indicates that the Kula Plate subducted dextrally along the eastern margin of Asia during the Coniacian to early Campanian. Combinations with other published kinematic and age constraints suggest that Southwest Japan experienced a change from sinistral to dextral and back to sinistral shear between 89–76 Ma. This history is compatible with global-scale plate reconstructions and places good constraints on the timing of plate boundary interaction with the Cretaceous East Asian margin.  相似文献   

Simultaneous volume measurements of post-perovskite and perovskite in MgSiO3 and their thermal equations of state     

Tetsuya Komabayashi  Kei Hirose  Emiko Sugimura  Nagayoshi Sata  Yasuo Ohishi  Leonid S. Dubrovinsky 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,265(3-4):515-524

Simultaneous volume measurements of MgSiO₃ post-perovskite (PPv) and perovskite (Pv) were performed in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) combined with synchrotron X-rays. An externally-heated DAC was used in addition to a laser-heated DAC for the volume measurement experiment at high temperatures. The volume data were collected in the stability field of post-perovskite from 115 to 130 GPa. The temperature generated in the externally-heated and the laser-heated DACs for the volume measurement were up to 832 and 2330 K, respectively. Using two different but complementary heating techniques, we collected the data at a wide temperature range from 300 to 2330 K. The obtained P-V-T data for PPv and Pv were fitted to a third-ordered Birch-Murnaghan equation of state (EOS). For a precise comparison of the volume between the two phases, the EOSs were constructed based on the same pressure scale of MgO. The simultaneous volume measurements and the volumes calculated from the determined EOSs demonstrate that the volume difference between PPv and Pv of about 1.5% is almost constant with increasing temperature to 4000 K at the transition. At the base of the mantle, this density difference corresponds to a temperature anomaly of 1300 K without the phase transition due to the very small thermal expansivity of minerals, which has a significant effect on mantle dynamics. The thermal expansivity contrast between the top and the bottom of the mantle is a factor of 3.6. From a mantle convection study, this value suggests that huge and hot plumes are formed at the core–mantle boundary.  相似文献   

U-series dating of Lake Nyos maar basalts,Cameroon (West Africa): Implications for potential hazards on the Lake Nyos dam     

Festus T. Aka  Tetsuya Yokoyama  Minoru Kusakabe  Eizo Nakamura  Gregory Tanyileke  Bekoa Ateba  Vincent Ngako  Joseph Nnange  Joseph Hell 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2008

From previously published ¹⁴C and K–Ar data, the age of formation of Lake Nyos maar in Cameroon is still in dispute. Lake Nyos exploded in 1986, releasing CO₂ that killed 1750 people and over 3000 cattle. Here we report results of the first measurements of major elements, trace elements and U-series disequilibria in ten basanites/trachy-basalts and two olivine tholeiites from Lake Nyos. It is the first time tholeiites are described in Lake Nyos. But for the tholeiites which are in ²³⁸U–²³⁰Th equilibrium, all the other samples possess ²³⁸U–²³⁰Th disequilibrium with 15 to 28% enrichment of ²³⁰Th over ²³⁸U. The (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th) activity ratios of these samples indicate small (2 to 4%) but significant ²²⁶Ra excesses. U–Th systematics and evidence from oxygen isotopes of the basalts and Lake Nyos granitic quartz separates show that the U-series disequilibria in these samples are source-based and not due to crustal contamination or post-eruptive alteration. Enrichment of ²³⁰Th is strong prima facie evidence that Lake Nyos is younger than 350 ka. The ²³⁰Th–²²⁶Ra age of Nyos samples calculated with the (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th) ratio for zero-age Mt. Cameroon samples is 3.7 ± 0.5 ka, although this is a lower limit as the actual age is estimated to be older than 5 ka, based on the measured mean ²³⁰Th/²³⁸U activity ratio. The general stability of the Lake Nyos pyroclastic dam is a cause for concern, but judging from its ²³⁰Th–²²⁶Ra formation age, we do not think that in the absence of a big rock fall or landslide into the lake, a big earthquake or volcanic eruption close to the lake, collapse of the dam from erosion alone is as imminent and alarming as has been suggested.  相似文献   

Lithological,structural, and chronological relationships between the Sanbagawa Metamorphic Complex and the Cretaceous Shimanto Accretionary Complex on the central Kii Peninsula,SW Japan     

Yusuke Shimura  Tetsuya Tokiwa  Makoto Takeuchi  Hiroshi Mori  Koshi Yamamoto 《Island Arc》2019,28(6)

It is essential to clarify the lithological, structural, and chronological relationships between the Sanbagawa Metamorphic Complex (MC) and the Cretaceous Shimanto Accretionary Complex (AC) for understanding the tectonic evolution of SW Japan. To this end, we carried out a detailed field survey of the Sanbagawa MC and the Cretaceous Shimanto AC on the central Kii Peninsula, where they are in direct contact with each other. We also conducted U–Pb dating of detrital zircons from these complexes. The field survey showed that the boundary between the Iro Complex of the Sanbagawa MC and the Mugitani Complex of the Shimanto AC, Narai Fault, shows a sinistral sense of shear with a reverse dip‐slip component, and there are significant differences in the strain intensity and the degree of recrystallization between the two complexes across this fault. Detrital zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the Iro Complex in the hanging wall of the Narai Fault shows a significantly younger maximum depositional age than the Mugitani Complex in the footwall of the fault, and an apparently large gap in the MDA of ca. 35 Myr exists across this fault. This large age gap across the Narai Fault suggests that this fault is an essential tectonic boundary fault within the Cretaceous accretionary–metamorphic complexes on the Kii Peninsula, and is considered to be an out‐of‐sequence thrust. In addition, a similar shear direction and a large age gap have been identified across the Ui Thrust, which marks the boundary between the Kouyasan and Hidakagawa belts of the Cretaceous Shimanto AC. The Cretaceous accretionary–metamorphic complexes record the large‐scale tectonic juxtapositions of complexes, and these juxtaposed structures had been caused by sinistral–reverse movements on the tectonic boundary faults such as the Narai Fault and the Ui Thrust.  相似文献   

A near-infrared survey of Miras and the distance to the Galactic Centre     

Noriyuki Matsunaga †  Takahiro Kawadu  Shogo Nishiyama †  Takahiro Nagayama  Hirofumi Hatano †  Motohide Tamura  Ian S. Glass  Tetsuya Nagata 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,399(4):1709-1729

We report the results of a near-infrared survey for long-period variables in a field of view of 20× 30 arcmin² towards the Galactic Centre (GC). We have detected 1364 variables, of which 348 are identified with those reported in Glass et al. We present a catalogue and photometric measurements for the detected variables and discuss their nature. We also establish a method for the simultaneous estimation of distances and extinctions using the period–luminosity relations for the JHK _s bands. Our method is applicable to Miras with periods in the range 100–350 d and mean magnitudes available in two or more filter bands. While J band means are often unavailable for our objects because of the large extinction, we estimated distances and extinctions for 143 Miras whose H - and   K _s  -band mean magnitudes are obtained. We find that most are located at the same distance to within our accuracy. Assuming that the barycentre of these Miras corresponds to the GC, we estimate its distance modulus to be  14.58 ± 0.02 (stat.) ± 0.11 (syst.) mag  , corresponding to  8.24 ± 0.08 (stat.) ± 0.42 (syst.) kpc  . We have assumed the distance modulus to the Large Magellanic Cloud to be 18.45 mag, and the uncertainty in this quantity is included in the above systematic error. We also discuss the large and highly variable extinction. Its value ranges from 1.5 mag to larger than 4 mag in     except towards the thicker dark nebulae and it varies in a complicated way with the line of sight. We have identified mid-infrared counterparts in the Spitzer /IRAC catalogue of Ramírez et al. for most of our variables and find that they follow rather narrow period–luminosity relations in the 3.6–8.0 μm wavelength range.  相似文献   

Formal education and disaster response of children: evidence from coastal villages in Indonesia     

Shoji  Masahiro  Takafuji  Yoko  Harada  Tetsuya 《Natural Hazards》2020,103(2):2183-2205

Natural Hazards - Although children are exposed to a high mortality risk during disasters, what determines their disaster response, especially during earthquakes, remains largely unexplored. The...  相似文献   

Application of an impact plate – Bedload transport measuring system for high-speed flows     

Takahiro Koshiba  Christian Auel  Daizo Tsutsumi  Sameh A. Kantoush  Tetsuya Sumi 《国际泥沙研究》2018,33(1):35-46

To achieve the sustainable use of dams, the development of methods for sediment management in reservoirs is required. One such method includes the use of Sediment Bypass Tunnels (SBTs) to divert sediment around a dam, thereby preventing sedimentation in the reservoir. However, SBTs are prone to severe invert abrasion caused by the high sediment flux. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a measurement system of the sediment transport rate in these tunnels. One system to measure sediment transport in rivers is the Swiss plate geophone, which can register plate vibrations caused by particle impact. In Japan, the Japanese pipe microphone is used, and sediment transport is measured based on the sound emitted by the particle impact. In this study an attempt was made to optimize the advantages of both systems by fixing a microphone and an acceleration sensor to a steel plate. The results of calibration experiments with this new system are presented and compared with the existing methods. It was found that the acceleration sensor can detect sediment particles larger than 2 mm in diameter. Moreover, a new parameter, referred to as the detection rate, was introduced to describe the correlation between the actual amount of sediment and the registered output. Finally, two parameters - the saturation rate and hit rate - are introduced and exhibit strong correlation with the detection rate.  相似文献