Observation and study on the whole process of cloud-to-ground lightning using narrowband radio interferometer     

GuangShu Zhang  YuXiang Zhao  XiuShu Qie  Tong Zhang  YanHui Wang  ChengPin Chen 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,51(5):694-708

A narrowband radio interferometer has been developed and used to locate the entire sources of VHF radiations from a negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning discharge which contains 19 strokes. This system uses five antennas to form an array consisting of short- and long-baselines along two or- thogonal directions. The system error which comes from frequency conversion is reduced by phase detection through direct high frequency amplifying. An interactive graphic analysis procedure is used to remove the fringe ambiguities which exist inherently in interferometry and to determine the direction of lightning radiation sources in two dimensions (azimuth and elevation) as a function of time at a time resolution of microsecond orders. With the developed system, the whole progression process in time and space of a lightning flash can be reconstructed. In this paper, combining the synchronous data of electric filed change and VHF radiation, the whole processes of an example negative CG flash have been studied in detail. It is found that the preliminary breakdown event of the CG flash started from negative charge region and exhibited firstly a downward pregression and then an upward propagation. There were very intense and continuous radiations during stepped leaders which became much stronger when the first return stroke began. In contrast, there were less and only discrete radiations during dart leaders. Stepped leader and dart leader may transform to each other depending on the state of the ionization of the path. The progression speed of initial stepped leaders was about 105 ms?1, while that was about 4.1×106 and 6.0×106 ms?1 for dart leaders and dart-stepped leaders, respectively. M events produced hook-shaped field changes accompanied by active burst of radiations at their begin- nings. Followed these active radiation processes, M events appeared to contact finally into conducting main discharge channels. The mean progression speed of M events was about 7×107 ms?1, greater than that of the dart leaders and dart-step leaders. K events and attempted leaders were essentially the same as dart leaders except that they could not reach the ground and initiate return strokes.  相似文献   

Petrology of the Yugu peridotites in the Gyeonggi Massif,South Korea: Implications for its origin and hydration process     

Shoji Arai  Akihiro Tamura  Satoko Ishimaru  Kazuyuki Kadoshima  Yong‐Il Lee  Ken‐ichiro Hisada 《Island Arc》2008,17(4):485-501

Peridotites exposed in the Yugu area in the Gyeonggi Massif, South Korea, near the boundary with the Okcheon Belt, exhibit mylonitic to strongly porphyroclastic textures, and are mostly spinel lherzolites. Subordinate dunites, harzburgites, and websterites are associated with the lherzolites. Amphiboles, often zoned from hornblende in the core to tremolite in the rim, are found only as neoblasts. Porphyroclasts have recorded equilibrium temperatures of about 1000°C, whereas neoblasts denote lower temperatures, about 800°C. Olivines are Fo_90–91 in lherzolites and Fo₉₁ in a dunite and a harzburgite. The Cr# (= Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio) of spinels varies together with the Fo of olivines, being from 0.1 to 0.3 in lherzolites and around 0.5 in the dunite and harzburgite. The Na₂O content of clinopyroxene porphyroclasts is relatively low, around 0.3 to 0.5 wt% in the most fertile lherzolite. The Yugu peridotites are similar in porphyroclast mineral chemistry not to continental spinel peridotites but to sub‐arc or abyssal peridotites. Textural and mineralogical characteristics indicate the successive cooling with hydration from the upper mantle to crustal conditions for the Yugu peridotites. Almost all clinopyroxenes and amphiboles show the same U‐shaped rare earth element (REE) patterns although the level is up to ten times higher for the latter. The hydration was associated with enrichment in light REE, resulting from either a slab‐derived fluid or a fluid circulating in the crust. The mantle‐wedge or abyssal peridotites were emplaced into the continental crust as the Yugu peridotite body during collision of continents to form a high‐pressure metamorphic belt in the Gyeonggi Massif. The peridotites from the Gyeonggi Massif exhibit lower‐pressure equilibration than peridotites, with or without garnets, from the Dabie–Sulu Collision Belt, China, which is possibly a westward extension of the Gyeonggi Massif.  相似文献   

Early Cretaceous paleogeography of Korea and Southwest Japan inferred from occurrence of detrital chromian spinels     

Ken‐ichiro Hisada  Shizuka Takashima  Shoji Arai  Yong Il Lee 《Island Arc》2008,17(4):471-484

The Sindong Group was deposited in the north–south trending half‐graben Nakdong Trough, southern Korean peninsula. The occurrence of detrital chromian spinels from the Jinju Formation of the Sindong Group in the Gyeongsang Basin means that the mafic to ultramafic rocks were exposed in its provenance. The chromian spinels from the Jinju Formation are characterized by extremely low TiO₂ and Fe³⁺. Moreover, their range of Cr# is from 0.45 to 0.80 and makes a single trend with Mg#. The chemistry of chromian spinels implies that the source rocks for chromian spinels were peridotites or serpentinites, which originated in the mantle wedge. To more narrowly constrain their source rocks, the Ulsan and Andong serpentinites exposed in the Gyeongsang Basin were examined petrographically. Chromian spinels in the Andong serpentinite differ from those of the Jinju Formation and those in the Ulsan serpentinite partly resemble them. Furthermore, the Jinju chromian spinel suite is similar to the detrital chromian spinels from the Mesozoic sediments in the Circum‐Hida Tectonic zone, which includes the Nagato Tectonic zone in Southwest Japan and the Joetsu Belt in Northeast Japan. This suggests that the basement rocks, which were located along the main fault bounding the eastern edge of the Nakdong Trough, had exposures of peridotite or serpentinite. It is possible that the Nakdong Trough was directly adjacent to the Circum‐Hida Tectonic zone before the opening of the Sea of Japan (East Sea).  相似文献   

Seismic vulnerability evaluation of axially loaded steel built-up laced members I： experimental results   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Kangmin Lee  Michel Bruneau 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2008,7(2):113-124

An experimental program was initiated to investigate the seismic performance of built-up laced steel brace members. Quasi-static testing of twelve typical steel built-up laced member （BLM） specimens was conducted. These were designed to span a range of parameters typically encountered for such members based on findings from a survey of commonly used shapes and details that have been historically used. The specimens were subdivided into groups of three different cross-sectional shapes, namely built-up I-shape section, and built-up box shapes buckling about the x or the y axis. Within each group, global and local buckling slenderness ratios had either kl/r values of 60 or 120, and b/t ratios of 8 or 16. The specific inelastic cyclic behavior germane to each specimen, and general observations on overall member hysteretic behavior as a function of the considered parameters, are reported. A companion paper （Lee and Bruneau 2008） investigates this observed response against predictions from analytical models, and behavior in the perspective of system performance.  相似文献   

Seismic vulnerability evaluation of axially loaded steel built-up laced members Ⅱ： evaluations   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

Kangmin Lee  ;Michel Bruneau 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2008,7(2):125-136

The test results described in Part 1 of this paper （Lee and Bruneau, 2008） on twelve steel built-up laced members （BLMs） subjected to quasi-static loading are analyzed to provide better knowledge on their seismic behavior. Strength capacity of the BLM specimens is correlated with the strength predicted by the AISC LRFD Specifications. Assessments of hysteretic properties such as ductility capacity, energy dissipation capacity, and strength degradation after buckling of the specimen are performed. The compressive strength of BLMs is found to be relatively well predicted by the AISC LRFD Specifications. BLMs with smaller kl/r were ductile but failed to reach the target ductility of 3.0 before starting to fracture, while those with larger kl/r could meet the ductility demand in most cases. The normalized energy dissipation ratio, EC/ET and the normalized compressive strength degradation, Cr″/Cr of BLMs typically decrease as normalized displacements δ/δb,exp increase, and the ratios for specimens with larger kl/r dropped more rapidly than for specimens with smaller kl/r; similar trends were observed for the monolithic braces. The BLMs with a smaller slenderness ratio, kl/r, and width-to-thickness ratio, b/t, experienced a larger number of inelastic cycles than those with larger ratios.  相似文献   

From the editors:special issue announcement     

George C.Lee 《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2008,7(4)

We wish to sincerely thank Professor Li Jianzhong of Tongji University and Professor Ian Buckle of the University of Nevada at Reno,for acting as guest editors of our first special issue on the "Seismic Design and Retrofit of Highway  相似文献   

中国东部史前地震事件的的识别问题     

姚大全  沈小七  童远林  陈安国 《震灾防御技术》2008,3(2)

中国东部地区气候湿润,物理化学风化作用强烈,加上地震周期长,人类活动频繁,地质事件遗迹难寻;另一方面,东部地区经济蓬勃发展,建(构)筑物和公众地震安全要求攀升.本文为解决这一日益尖锐矛盾作了相应综述和分析,并提出了一些建议:从经验预报统计样本局限性分析入手,综述史前地震识别标志和事件时序的分析研究现状,在此基础上提出了中国东部地区史前地震事件强化研究思路,即充分利用大规模考古发掘和工程所揭露的机遇,抢救性编录、分析.同时与考古、地质等相关部门联手,反演并重构全新世以来天然变形事件时序,用于弥补经验性预报的样本局限,从而科学预测地震趋势.作者的初步实践表明,这一思路是可行的,通过持之以恒的努力,有望达到预期目标.  相似文献   

马鞍桥金矿床中香沟岩体锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学及其与成矿关系研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

朱赖民  张国伟  李犇  郭波  弓虎军  康磊  吕拾零 《中国科学D辑》2009,(6)

对出露马鞍桥金矿床中香沟二长花岗斑岩进行了单颗粒锆石U-Pb定年和岩石地球化学研究.结果表明,锆石的LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄值为(242.0±0.8)Ma,与前人确定的秦岭造山带的主造山时间((242±21)Ma)一致,显示香沟岩体可能和印支期华北与扬子板块的碰撞事件有关.香沟岩体以高硅富碱为特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩类.香沟岩体高Al(Al2O3=14.49~15.61)和Sr(457.10~630.82μg/g)、亏损Y(<16μg/g)和HREE(Yb<0.45μg/g),并具有较高的Sr/Y(76.24~97.34)和(La/Yb)N(29.65~46.10)比值及强分异的稀土元素组成模式,其地球化学特征显示香沟岩体花岗岩类属于C型埃达克质(adakitic)岩石.岩石初始Sr同位素比值ISr=0.70642~0.70668,εNd(t)=-4.5~-4.0,TDM=1152~1220Ma.香沟岩体具有较低的εNd(t),ISr值和较高的TDM值,同时其Na2O/K2O接近1(Na2O/K2O=0.95~1.10),显示香沟花岗岩不是俯冲洋壳部分熔融形成的Ⅰ型埃达岩或底侵玄武质下地壳熔融所产...  相似文献   

欧拉梁动力反应初边值问题的微分求积解     

王通  李鸿晶 《世界地震工程》2009,25(4)

动荷载作用下欧拉梁动响应的计算是一个初边值问题,通常很难得到解析解,传统数值方法一般是把空间和时间分别离散进行求解,计算相对复杂,效率也不高.针对分布动荷载作用下欧拉梁的振动偏微分方程,采用传统微分求积法,在空间和时间上同时进行离散;对于所有非0阶的初/边值条件,采用嵌入法在权系数计算中予以考虑.算例的数值结果与精确解的对比证明采用传统微分求积法处理此问题是可行的,而且是高效的.对于实际工程中的其他类似问题,该方法同样适用.  相似文献   

基于组合权重的模糊物元模型在砂土液化势评价中的应用     

黄志全  姜彤  李玉起 《世界地震工程》2009,25(4)

目前,砂土液化问题仍是岩土工程界重要的研究方向.鉴于砂土液化评价的复杂性及其影响因素的不确定性和模糊性,将熵值理论与模糊集和贴近度相结合,建立了基于熵权与专家打分法所获权重的组合权重的模糊物元模型,有效地避免了权重分配困难的问题.该模型以一种新的方法进行砂土液化势的评价,并且结合实例应用,通过与现场标贯试验对比,进一步验证了该模型的合理、简便和实用.  相似文献