How Collaborative Governance Practitioners Can Assess the Effectiveness of Collaborative Environmental Governance,While Also Evaluating Their Own Services     

Trevor Robinson  Michael Kern  Rebecca Sero  Craig W. Thomas 《社会与自然资源》2020,33(4):524-537

Abstract

Collaborative governance applied to environmental issues is becoming more common, and evaluation of such efforts can provide useful information for multiple audiences. However, due to a variety of challenges, collaborative governance practitioners rarely evaluate the outcomes of collaboration and their contributions to these efforts. With these challenges in mind, the William D. Ruckelshaus Center designed an evaluation framework that can meet multiple parties’ objectives, be integrated into practitioners’ existing services, and balance flexibility and practicality with rigor and replicability. The Center conducted a pilot of this framework on a collaborative watershed management effort in southeastern Washington State, where the Center had previously assisted with organizational development. The resulting evaluation highlights a variety of social, knowledge-based, and economic outcomes for the collaborative, as well as lessons for practitioners and evaluators of collaborative governance. We suggest that this methodology can be useful for practitioners interested in evaluating similar collaborative efforts.  相似文献   

Commentaries on “Evaluating the Geographic in GIS”     

Stacy Warren  Trevor Harris  Michael Goodchild  Patricia Solís 《Geographical review》2019,109(3):308-320

In this article, four geographers who are also GIS practitioners critique “Evaluating the Geographic in GIS.” Sparked by the arguments in that article, they pose fundamental questions about how geography can best contribute to GIS practices.  相似文献   

Discrimination of Nuclear Explosions against Civilian Sources Based on Atmospheric Xenon Isotopic Activity Ratios     

Martin B. Kalinowski  Anders Axelsson  Marc Bean  Xavier Blanchard  Theodore W. Bowyer  Guy Brachet  Simon Hebel  Justin I. McIntyre  Jana Peters  Christoph Pistner  Maria Raith  Anders Ringbom  Paul R. J. Saey  Clemens Schlosser  Trevor J. Stocki  Thomas Taffary  R. Kurt Ungar 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2010,167(4-5):517-539

A global monitoring system for atmospheric xenon radioactivity is being established as part of the International Monitoring System that will verify compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) once the treaty has entered into force. This paper studies isotopic activity ratios to support the interpretation of observed atmospheric concentrations of ¹³⁵Xe, ^133mXe, ¹³³Xe and ^131mXe. The goal is to distinguish nuclear explosion sources from civilian releases. Simulations of nuclear explosions and reactors, empirical data for both test and reactor releases as well as observations by measurement stations of the International Noble Gas Experiment (INGE) are used to provide a proof of concept for the isotopic ratio based method for source discrimination.  相似文献   

Characteristics of freshly deposited sand and finer sediments along an island-braided, gravel-bed river: The roles of water, wind and trees     

Angela M. Gurnell  Trevor D. Blackall  Geoffrey E. Petts 《Geomorphology》2008,99(1-4):254-269

Over the past two decades there has been a growing interest in the geomorphological mosaic along large floodplain rivers where channel dynamics are seen to drive habitat-patch creation and turnover and to contribute to high biological diversity. This has required a new perspective on fluvial geomorphology that focuses on biological scales of space and time. This study examines the spatial pattern of surface fine sediment accumulations along a reach of a large gravel-bed river, the Tagliamento River in NE Italy; an area with a moist Mediterranean climate and seasonal flow regime. The study investigates changes in sediment characteristics during the summer low-flow period between April and September. Focussing on five areas representing a gradient from open, bar-braided to wooded island-braided morphologies, the paper demonstrates the importance of riparian vegetation and aeolian–fluvial interactions.Significant contrasts in particle size distributions and organic content of freshly deposited sand and finer sediments were found between sampling areas, geomorphological settings, and sampling dates. In particular, wooded floodplain and established islands supported consistently finer sediment deposits than both open bar surfaces and the lee of pioneer islands, and in September significantly finer sediments were also found in deposits located in the lee of pioneer islands than on open bar surfaces. Overall, the September samples had a greater variability in particle size characteristics than those obtained from the same sites in April, with a general coarsening of the D₅ (φ) (i.e., the coarse tail of the particle size distribution). Also in September, crusts of fine sediment (30 μm < D₅₀ < 64 μm) had formed on the surface of some of the open bar and pioneer island deposits within the more open sampling areas along the study reach. These crusts possessed similar particle size characteristics to aeolian crusts found in more arid environments. They were significantly finer than April samples and September subcrust samples obtained from the same sites and had similar particle size characteristics to some samples taken from wooded floodplain, established island surfaces and the lee of pioneer islands that were not crusted.Local climatological and river level data confirm significant wind and rainfall events during a period of consistently low river levels between the April and September sampling periods. These support deflation, deposition and rain wash of finer sediment during the summer, with windblown sediments being deposited on bar surfaces and in the lee of pioneer islands where wood and young trees provide foci for accelerated sedimentation and island growth as well as on marginal floodplains and established islands. We conclude that along braided rivers in moist settings but with a distinct dry season, aeolian reworking of sediment deposits may have a more important role in driving habitat dynamics than previously considered.  相似文献   

Biology of evechinus chloroticus (Echinoidia: Echinometridae) from different localities     

Trevor G. Dix 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(1-2):48-68

Growth bands were demonstrated in the apical plates of Evechinus chloroticus by grinding horizontal sections which were air dried for several days and treated with lactophenol + 0.5% ferrous ions for a few minutes. Only one dark band was formed each year, during summer.

Evechinus grew considerably faster at Kaikoura than at Kaiteriteri, about 2 cm and 1 cm a year respectively, until growth slowed with increasing age. These differences may relate to food availability.

Numbers in year classes varied considerably, and in some Evechinus populations year classes were absent. Most urchins at Kaiteriteri were less than 6 + years old, but urchins up to 10 years old were aged at Kaikoura. More old urchins were found in deeper populations at Kaikoura, where a number may have been up to 15 years old.

Size‐frequency distributions varied markedly among populations. Distributions appear most influenced by recruitment intensity, and higher growth rates and greater longevity were found in populations with predominantly large urchins, as at Kaikoura.  相似文献   

Seismic behavior of steel buildings with out‐of‐plumb          下载免费PDF全文

Ali A. Rad  Gregory A. MacRae  Trevor Z. Yeow  Desmond K. Bull 《地震工程与结构动力学》2015,44(14):2575-2588

A structure that has a permanent offset from a true vertical line is commonly referred to as being ‘out‐of‐plumb’. Out‐of‐plumb may result from construction tolerances or post‐earthquake permanent deformations in steel buildings. This paper quantifies the displacements of buildings with out‐of‐plumb in subsequent seismic events by means of inelastic dynamic time history analysis. Structures considered have different structural heights, force design reduction factors (R), and target inter‐story drifts. It is shown that buildings with greater out of plumb and force design reduction factor have larger normalized peak inter‐story drift ratio and ratio of residual‐to‐peak drift. Also, the ratio of residual‐to‐peak drift was not strongly dependent on structural height or design drift. A design procedure and example provided, based on the results obtained, show how peak and residual inter‐story drift ratio can be estimated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Mid-Mountain Clouds at Whistler During the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics     

Ruping Mo  Paul Joe  George A. Isaac  Ismail Gultepe  Roy Rasmussen  Jason Milbrandt  Ron McTaggart-Cowan  Jocelyn Mailhot  Melinda Brugman  Trevor Smith  Bill Scott 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(1-2):157-183

A comprehensive study of mid-mountain clouds and their impacts on the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics is presented. Mid-mountain clouds were frequently present on the Whistler alpine venue, as identified in an extensive archive of webcam images over a 45-day period from February 5 to March 21, 2010. These clouds posed serious forecast challenges and had significant impacts on some Olympic and Paralympic alpine skiing competitions. Under fair weather conditions, a diurnal upslope (anabatic) flow can work in concert with a diurnal temperature inversion aloft to produce a localized phenomenon known as “Harvey’s Cloud” at Whistler. Two detailed case studies in this paper suggest that mid-mountain clouds can also develop in the area as a result of a moist valley flow interacting with a downslope flow descending from the mountaintop. A southerly inflow through the Sea-to-Sky corridor can be channeled by the local topography into a westerly upslope flow toward Whistler Mountain, resulting in orographic clouds on the alpine venue. Under favorable circumstances, these clouds are trapped to the mid-mountain zone by the leeward subsidence of an elevated southerly flow. The presence of the downslope subsidence was manifested by a distinguished dry layer observed on the top of the mid-mountain clouds in both cases. It is the subsidence-induced adiabatic warming that imposes a strong buoyant suppression to trap the mid-mountain cloud. On the other hand, the subsidence-induced dry layer has the potential to trigger evaporative instability to periodically breakup the mid-mountain cloud.  相似文献   

A statistically selected Chandra sample of 20 galaxy clusters – II. Gas properties and cool core/non-cool core bimodality     

Alastair J. R. Sanderson  Ewan O'Sullivan  Trevor J. Ponman 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,395(2):764-776

We investigate the thermodynamic and chemical structure of the intracluster medium (ICM) across a statistical sample of 20 galaxy clusters analysed with the Chandra X-ray satellite. In particular, we focus on the scaling properties of the gas density, metallicity and entropy and the comparison between clusters with and without cool cores (CCs). We find marked differences between the two categories except for the gas metallicity, which declines strongly with radius for all clusters  ( Z ∝ r ^−0.31)  , outside  ∼0.02 r ₅₀₀  . The scaling of gas entropy is non-self-similar and we find clear evidence of bimodality in the distribution of logarithmic slopes of the entropy profiles. With only one exception, the steeper sloped entropy profiles are found in CC clusters whereas the flatter slope population are all non-CC clusters. We explore the role of thermal conduction in stabilizing the ICM and conclude that this mechanism alone is sufficient to balance cooling in non-CC clusters. However, CC clusters appear to form a distinct population in which heating from feedback is required in addition to conduction. Under the assumption that non-CC clusters are thermally stabilized by conduction alone, we find the distribution of Spitzer conduction suppression factors, f _c, to be lognormal, with a log (base 10) mean of  −1.50 ± 0.03  (i.e.   f _c= 0.032  ) and log standard deviation  0.39 ± 0.02  .  相似文献   

The anatomy of the NGC 5044 group – II. Stellar populations and star formation histories     

J. Trevor Mendel  Robert N. Proctor  Jesper Rasmussen  Sarah Brough  Duncan A. Forbes 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,396(4):2103-2123

The distribution of galaxy properties in groups and clusters holds important information on galaxy evolution and growth of structure in the Universe. While clusters have received appreciable attention in this regard, the role of groups as fundamental to formation of the present-day galaxy population has remained relatively unaddressed. Here, we present stellar ages, metallicities and α-element abundances derived using Lick indices for 67 spectroscopically confirmed members of the NGC 5044 galaxy group with the aim of shedding light on galaxy evolution in the context of the group environment.
We find that galaxies in the NGC 5044 group show evidence for a strong relationship between stellar mass and metallicity, consistent with their counterparts in both higher and lower mass groups and clusters. Galaxies show no clear trend of age or α-element abundance with mass, but these data form a tight sequence when fitted simultaneously in age, metallicity and stellar mass. In the context of the group environment, our data support the tidal disruption of low-mass galaxies at small group-centric radii, as evident from an apparent lack of galaxies below  ∼10⁹ M_⊙  within ∼100 kpc of the brightest group galaxy. Using a joint analysis of absorption- and emission-line metallicities, we are able to show that the star-forming galaxy population in the NGC 5044 group appears to require gas removal to explain the ∼1.5 dex offset between absorption- and emission-line metallicities observed in some cases. A comparison with other stellar population properties suggests that this gas removal is dominated by galaxy interactions with the hot intragroup medium.  相似文献   

A statistical analysis of the Two-Dimensional XMM–Newton Group Survey: the impact of feedback on group properties     

Ria Johnson  Trevor J. Ponman  Alexis Finoguenov 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,395(3):1287-1308

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