Cost and Co<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Emission Reduction of Biomass Cascading: Methodological Aspects and Case Study of SRF Poplar     

Veronika?DornburgEmail author  André?P.?C.?Faaij 《Climatic change》2005,71(3):373-408

This study presents and applies a coherent methodological framework to compare biomass cascading chains, i.e. the subsequent use of biomass for materials, recycling and energy recovery, considering land use, CO₂ emission reduction and economic performance. Example cascading chains of short rotation poplar wood are compared with each other on the basis of literature data. Results for these chains vary strongly, namely, from CO₂ mitigation benefits of 200 /Mg CO₂ to CO₂ mitigation costs of 2200 /Mg CO₂, and from net CO₂ emission reductions per hectare of biomass production of 28 Mg CO₂/(ha yr) to net CO₂ emissions of 8 Mg CO₂/(ha yr). Using a present-value approach to determine CO₂ emissions and costs affects the performance of long-term cascading chains significantly, i.e. cost and CO₂ emission reduction are decreased. In general, cascading has the potential to improve both CO₂ emission reduction per hectare and CO₂ mitigation costs of biomass usage. However, this strongly depends on the biomass applications combined in the cascading chain. Parameters that significantly influence the results are market prices and gross energy requirements of substituted materials and energy carriers, and the efficiency of biomass production. The method presented in this study is suitable to quantify land use, CO₂ emission reduction and economic performance of biomass cascading systems, and highlights the possible impact of time on the attractiveness of specific cascading chains.  相似文献   

Simulation of Hydraulic Heterogeneity and Upscaling Permeability and Dispersivity in Sandy-Clay Formations     

Veronika A. Bakshevskaia  Sergey P. Pozdniakov 《Mathematical Geosciences》2016,48(1):45-64

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Environmental risk assessment of some potentially toxic elements in El-Tabbin region (Cairo, Egypt)     

Ahmed A. Melegy  Veronika Cvečková  Katarína Krčmová  Stanislav Rapant 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,61(2):429-439

As much as 24 soil samples and 6 stream sediments from the River Nile were studied in El-Tabbin region (Great Cairo, Egypt). Twelve chemicals, potentially toxic elements posing potential environmental risk, were the object of concern in this study. Mean contents of analysed elements (in mg kg^?1) in soils and the River Nile stream sediments were the following: As_s 3.6/As_ss 1.5, Cd_s 0.33/Cd_ss 0.12, Cr_s 87.7/Cr_ss 141.5, Cu_s 40.3/Cu_ss 43.8, Hg_s 0.03/Hg_ss 0.13, Pb_s 33.3/Pb_ss 20.2, Zn_s 150/Zn_ss 109, Se_s 0.24/Se_ss 0.05, Ni_s 37.2/Ni_ss 48, Sb_s 1.25/Sb_ss 1, Ba_s 892/Ba_ss 431, V_s 103.3/V_ss 167.8. Furthermore, geochemical background values were derived for soil and stream sediment samples. The values are as follows (in mg kg^?1): As_s 1.33/As_ss 1, Cd_s 0.48/Cd_ss 0.05, Cr_s 54.7/Cr_ss 106.5, Cu_s 23.8/Cu_ss 23, Hg_s 0.025/Hg_ss 0.095, Pb_s 15.3/Pb_ss 13.5, Zn_s 70/Zn_ss 55, Se_s 0.13/Se_ss 0.05, Ni_s 19.5/Ni_ss 32.5, Sb_s 1/Sb_ss 1, Ba_s 266/Ba_ss 275, V_s 50.7/V_ss 119. More than two-thirds of soil and sediment samples exceeded established (based on literature data) risk limit values for non-polluted environment. Based on environmental risk assessment for potentially toxic elements in soils and sediments in more than 45% of total area disturbed environment (I _ER = 1–3) was documented and more than 13% of territory was characterised with highly disturbed environment (I _ER > 3).  相似文献   

Forest disturbance enhanced the activity of epedaphic collembola in windthrown stands of the High Tatra mountains     

Veronika URBANOVICOVA  Dana MIKLISOVA  Lubomír KOVAC 《山地科学学报》2014,11(2):449-463

The study aimed to assess the response of ep- and hemiedaphic Collembola communities （activity, richness, community structure） to a disturbance, the subsequent management regime and to the season （summer, winter） in a High Tatra Mountainsspruce forest destroyed by a windstorm. Fire and clear-cut resulted in an initial increase in the activity of Collembola inhabiting open areas, opportunistic or generalist species, while forest specialists diminished in numbers or disappeared. Our results indicated that treatment with non-extracted fallen trees （NEX） provided a better chance for forest species to survive compared with their survival in open habitats of extracted （EXT） and wildfire （FIR） treatments. Great species’ potential of NEX treatment was indicated by Chao2 estimator and activity/species rarefaction curves. Communities of NEX treatment were more similar to the reference （REF） treatment, documented by ordination and cluster analyses. Thus, leaving fallen timber after a windthrow to natural process of succession is suitable for survival of forest species and maintenance of diversity in forests restoration than timber extraction. Community structure in wildfire （FIR） stands was the most dissimilar to the other treatments. Most of the species trapped in this treatment belonged to hemiedaphic life forms, while the activity of larger epedaphic species diminished. In contrast, the highest number of trapped Collembola in EXT treatment was connected with the larger-bodied epigeic species with fast dispersal ability. The trapping period affected both the number of individuals and species richness; Collembola activity and species diversity in the individual treatments were lower in winter compared with the summer period. Several species increased activity during the winter period, namelyFolsomia penicula, Friesea mirabilis, F. truncata,Hypogastrura socialisand Protaphorura aurantiaca.  相似文献   

Effects of Energetic Solar Emissions on the Earth–Ionosphere Cavity of Schumann Resonances     

Gabriella Sátori  Earle Williams  Colin Price  Robert Boldi  Alexander Koloskov  Yuri Yampolski  Anirban Guha  Veronika Barta 《Surveys in Geophysics》2016,37(4):757-789

Schumann resonances (SR) are the electromagnetic oscillations of the spherical cavity bounded by the electrically conductive Earth and the conductive but dissipative lower ionosphere (Schumann in Z Naturforsch A 7:6627–6628, 1952). Energetic emissions from the Sun can exert a varied influence on the various parameters of the Earth’s SR: modal frequencies, amplitudes and dissipation parameters. The SR response at multiple receiving stations is considered for two extraordinary solar events from Solar Cycle 23: the Bastille Day event (July 14, 2000) and the Halloween event (October/November 2003). Distinct differences are noted in the ionospheric depths of penetration for X-radiation and solar protons with correspondingly distinct signs of the frequency response. The preferential impact of the protons in the magnetically unshielded polar regions leads to a marked anisotropic frequency response in the two magnetic field components. The general immunity of SR amplitudes to these extreme external perturbations serves to remind us that the amplitude parameter is largely controlled by lightning activity within the Earth–ionosphere cavity.  相似文献   

Schwellwerte der Vorticity als Maß für die Weiterentwicklung typischer Wolkenkonfigurationen in Satellitenbildern     

Dr. Veronika Zwatz-Meise  Dr. G. Hailzl 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1980,29(1-2):89-107

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Satellitenbilder als Hilfsmittel zur Strukturbestimmung von Höhenzyklonen     

Dr. Veronika Meise 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1972,21(4):373-397

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A cloud formation process contradictory to the classical occlusion development investigated with satellite images and model output parameters     

Dr. Veronika Zwatz-Meise  Dr. G. Hailzl 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1983,32(1-2):119-127

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Reconstruction and post-event analysis of a flash flood in a small ungauged basin: a case study in Slovak territory     

Veronika Bačová Mitková  Pavla Pekárová  Dana Halmová  Pavol Miklánek 《Natural Hazards》2018,92(2):741-760

Flash floods are one of the major natural hazards occurring in small streams with a negative effect on the country as well as on human lives. Heavy rainfall occurred on July 20, 2014 and July 21, 2014 and caused severe surface water flooding and a flash flood in the Malá Fatra National Park (Slovakia). The most affected was Vrátna Valley with the Varínka stream. This study presents a reconstruction and post-event analysis of a flash flood on small ungauged basin located in this protected area of Slovakia. The reconstruction included hydraulic terrain measurements on estimating the flood’s culmination and documenting the flood’s development. The measurements were taken at three cross sections of the Varínka stream. This paper is focused mainly on post-event analysis of the Varínka stream in two profiles: Strá?a (gauged profile) and Tiesňavy (ungauged cross section). Subsequently, the extremeness of the flash flood was preliminary evaluated. Results of the post-event analysis showed that the July 2014 flood was not the highest flood in this area despite its catastrophic consequences. By studying historical materials, we came to the conclusion that in the past (e.g. in 1848 or 1939) some devastating floods in this area had occurred, which had disastrous consequences for the population. The second part of the study is focused on comparing this flash flood with three major floods which have occurred in Slovak territory since 1998. The first flood occurred on the 20th of July, 1998 on the Malá Svinka stream, and the two others are floods which occurred on the 7th of June, 2011 in the Small Carpathian Mountains: on the Gidra stream in Píla village and on the Parná stream in Horné Ore?any village. Such comparison of flash floods from different geographical regions and different rainfall events can provide comprehensive information about their regimes, threats and disastrous effects.  相似文献   

Biomarker responses as indication of contaminant effects in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and female eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) from the southwestern Baltic Sea   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Schiedek D  Broeg K  Barsiene J  Lehtonen KK  Gercken J  Pfeifer S  Vuontisjärvi H  Vuorinen PJ  Dedonyte V  Koehler A  Balk L  Schneider R 《Marine pollution bulletin》2006,53(8-9):387-405

During a field study performed in spring and autumn 2001 and 2002, blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and female eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) were collected at three locations in the Wismar Bay (Baltic Sea), and several biomarkers of contaminant effects were analysed. Besides seasonal and inter-annual variations, biomarker signals were most pronounced at the location closest to Wismar Harbour (Wendorf) in both species. Lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) was lowest and acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) was significantly reduced. Frequency of micronuclei (MN) was significantly higher (in blue mussels), indicating mutagenic effects. In eelpout elevated levels of DNA adducts, EROD induction and PAH-metabolites were measured. Metallothionein (MT), biomarker for trace metal exposure, showed a gradient only in spring. Organochlorine contaminant analyses (PCBs, DDTs) corresponded to the observed biomarker levels. The results obtained clearly demonstrate pollution effects in the southwestern Baltic Sea. Moreover, they show that a multibiomarker approach is also applicable in a brackish water environment.  相似文献