利用闪电宽带干涉仪系统对地闪先导-回击过程的观测研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

董万胜  刘欣生  张义军  张广庶 《中国科学D辑》2002,32(1):81-88

利用闪电宽带干涉仪系统1999年在广东的观测资料, 对地闪预击穿、梯级先导及回击过程进行分析研究, 结果表明: 这种新型的辐射源定位系统能够再现闪电通道结构和电磁辐射源随时间演变的二维图像(方位角和仰角). 闪电辐射主要由负击穿过程产生, 地闪预击穿阶段闪电通道比较集中, 几乎没有分杈, 辐射源主要出现在通道头部; 而梯级先导后期辐射源定位比较离散, 有较多的分叉通道, 辐射源出现在具有一定长度通道段内, 该通道段高度随着先导向地面的发展逐渐降低. 预击穿过程和梯级先导期间均有一些快速负流光过程连续地从闪电起始区域或更远的位置开始, 沿已形成的通道发展, 为闪电通道进一步向前发展补充电荷, 其速度比闪电通道发展的平均速度约快一个量级.  相似文献   

青藏高原一次地闪放电过程的分析   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

孔祥贞  郄秀书  赵阳  张彤  张广庶  董万胜 《地球物理学报》2006,49(4):993-1000

利用成像率为1000 幅/s的高速摄像系统和快、慢电场变化仪以及宽带干涉仪系统等探测仪器在青藏高原那曲地区所观测的地闪资料,对一次地闪回击及其之前的持续时间较长的云内放电过程进行了分析.结果表明：地闪先导前的云内放电过程发生于雷暴云下部正电荷区和中部负电荷区之间;云中部负电荷区距离地面的高度为28～45 km;闪电的起始放电发生区域距离地面的高度为10～17 km;初始流光在云外发展时具有很大的水平分量和较多的分支;梯级先导的速度为1×105 m/s,在向地面发展时出现较大的弯曲;首次回击放电过程与低海拔地区没有差异,通道中的峰值电流有241 kA;继后回击相对较弱.  相似文献   

山地温冰川中的气候环境记录研究   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

何元庆 Thea.  WH 《冰川冻土》1999,21(3):257-263

以北欧Ａｕｓｔｒｅ Ｏｋｓｔｉｎｂｒｅｅｎ冰川为例,概括介绍了海洋型气候区温冰川内气候环境信息的主要特征。山地温冰川积雪中的环境记录,如氧同位素,阴阳离子含量的变化虽然受到了冰雪中的融水渗透的干扰,但仍可作为短期局部气候环境变化的理想指示器。通过与实测的气象气候资料对比,积雪中化学分析结果表明了若干重要特征：积累区雪层剖面中的氧同位素变化,较好地反映了本地区的气候变化特别是降水时的温度递变细节以及  相似文献   

全球荒漠化的生物学反馈     

Schl.  WH 陈锡明 《世界沙漠研究》1991,(1):5-10

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Comparative effects of the blue green algae Nodularia spumigena and a lysed extract on detoxification and antioxidant enzymes in the green lipped mussel (Perna viridis)     

Davies WR  Siu WH  Jack RW  Wu RS  Lam PK  Nugegoda D 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,51(8-12):1026-1033

Nodularia spumigena periodically proliferates to cause toxic algal blooms with some aquatic animals enduring and consuming high densities of the blue green algae or toxic lysis. N. spumigena contains toxic compounds such as nodularin and lipopolysaccharides. This current work investigates physiological effects of exposure from bloom conditions of N. spumigena cells and a post-bloom lysis. Biochemical and antioxidative biomarkers were comparatively studied over an acute 3-day exposure. In general, a post-bloom N. spumigena lysis caused opposite physiological responses to bloom densities of N. spumigena. Specifically, increases in glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and decreases in glutathione S-transferase (GST) were observed from the N. spumigena lysis. In contrast, N. spumigena cell densities decreased GSH and increased GST and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in mussels. Findings also suggest that at different stages of a toxic bloom, exposure may result in toxic stress to specific organs in the mussel.  相似文献   

DNA adduct formation and DNA strand breaks in green-lipped mussels (Perna viridis) exposed to benzo[a]pyrene: dose- and time-dependent relationships   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Ching EW  Siu WH  Lam PK  Xu L  Zhang Y  Richardson BJ  Wu RS 《Marine pollution bulletin》2001,42(7):603-610

Green-lipped mussels, Perna viridis, were exposed to 0, 0.3, 3 and 30 micrograms l-1 (nominal concentrations) B[a]P under laboratory conditions over a period of 24 days. Mussels were collected on day 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24, and the levels of DNA adducts and DNA strand breaks in their hepatopancreas tissues monitored. Mussels exposed to 0.3 and 3 micrograms l-1 B[a]P showed marked increases in strand breaks after 1 day of exposure. DNA strand break levels in these mussels remained high and significantly different from the control values until day 3 for the 0.3 microgram l-1 treatment group, and day 6 for the 3 micrograms l-1 treatment group. This was followed by a gradual reduction in strand breaks. After 12 days, the levels of both groups had returned to the same level as that of the control. No increase in DNA strand breaks was observable in mussels exposed to 30 micrograms l-1 B[a]P in the first 12 days of exposure, but a significant increase was observed from day 12 to day 24. Increasing B[a]P concentrations resulted in elevated DNA adduct levels after 3-6 days of exposure, but this pattern of dose-related increase disappeared after 12 days. These results indicate that a better understanding of the complex interactions between exposure levels and durations is crucially important before DNA adduct levels and DNA strand breaks in P. viridis can be used as effective biomarkers for monitoring genotoxicants in marine waters.  相似文献   

环境温湿层结对雷暴云空间电荷结构的影响   总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10  

郭凤霞  张义军  言穆弘  董万胜 《高原气象》2004,23(5):678-683

非感应起电机制中决定雷暴云电荷结构的反转温度是液态水含量的函数,而液态水含量的空间分布又取决于环境初始场中气团平均相对湿度和对流不稳定性的配置情况。本文通过不断改变初始场中层平均相对湿度和对流有效位能(CAPE)的值,同时不稳定度因子K和SI也随之发生相应的改变,利用三维强风暴动力电耦合数值模式,来研究初始场温湿层结的不同配置对液态水含量进而对电荷结构的影响。结果表明,CAPE较小时,电荷结构与中层平均相对湿度的大小无关,均为准反极性,且起电活动较弱;CAPE很大时,较大和较小的中层平均相对湿度更易引起强的起电活动和偶极性电荷结构,当霰和冰晶共存的区域中心落在上升气流的外围时,会形成反极性电荷结构。当对流有效位能相同时,增加中层平均相对湿度,气层的不稳定性提高,更有利于对流的发展和偶极性电荷结构的形成,减小中层平均相对湿度,对流减弱,有利于准反极性电荷结构的形成。  相似文献   

机器学习在强对流监测预报中的应用进展     

周康辉  郑永光  韩雷  董万胜 《气象》2021,47(3):274-289

近年来,机器学习理论和方法应用蓬勃发展,已在强对流天气监测和预报中广泛应用.各类机器学习算法,包括传统机器学习算法(如随机森林、决策树、支持向量机、神经网络等)和深度学习方法,已在强对流监测、短时临近预报、短期预报领域发挥了积极的重要作用,其应用效果往往明显优于依靠统计特征或者主观经验积累的传统方法.机器学习方法能够更...  相似文献   

Homochirality as the signature of life: the SETH Cigar     

MacDermott AJ  Barron LD  Brack A  Buhse T  Drake AF  Emery R  Gottarelli G  Greenberg JM  Haberle R  Hegstrom RA  Hobbs K  Kondepudi DK  McKay C  Moorbath S  Raulin F  Sandford M  Schwartzman DW  Thiemann WH  Tranter GE  Zarnecki JC 《Planetary and Space Science》1996,44(11):1441-1446

A characteristic hallmark of life is its homochirality: all biomolecules are usually of one hand, e.g. on Earth life uses only L-amino acids for protein synthesis and not their D mirror images. It is therefore suggested that a search for extra-terrestrial life can be approached as a Search for Extra-Terrestrial Homochirality (SETH). A novel miniaturized space polarimeter, called the SETH Cigar, is described which could he used to detect optical rotation as the homochiral signature of life on other planets. Moving parts are avoided by replacing the normal rotating polarizer by multiple fixed polarizers at different angles as in the eye of the bee. It is believed that homochirality will be found in the subsurface layers on Mars as a relic of extinct life.  相似文献   

Evidence for methane and ammonia in the coma of comet P/Halley     

Allen M  Delitsky M  Huntress W  Yung Y  Ip WH  Schwenn R  Rosenbauer H  Shelley E  Balsiger H  Geiss J 《Astronomy and Astrophysics》1987,187(1-2):502-512

Methane and ammonia abundances in the coma of Halley are derived from Giotto IMS data using an Eulerian model of chemical and physical processes inside the contact surface to simulate Giotto HIS ion mass spectral data for mass-to-charge ratios (m/q) from 15 to 19. The ratio m/q = 19/18 as a function of distance from the nucleus is not reproduced by a model for a pure water coma. It is necessary to include the presence of NH3, and uniquely NH3, in coma gases in order to explain the data. A ratio of production rates Q(NH3)/Q(H2O) = 0.01-0.02 results in model values approximating the Giotto data. Methane is identified as the most probable source of the distinct peak at m/q = 15. The observations are fit best with Q(CH4)/Q(H2O) = 0.02. The chemical composition of the comet nucleus implied by these production rate ratios is unlike that of the outer planets. On the other hand, there are also significant differences from observations of gas phase interstellar material.  相似文献