The Pingchuan iron deposit, located in the Yanyuan region of Sichuan Province, SW China, has an ore reserve of 40 Mt with ~ 60 wt% Fe. Its genesis is still poorly understood. The Pingchuan iron deposit has a paragenetic sequence of an early Fe-oxide–Pyrite stage (I) and a late Fe-oxide–pyrrhotite stage (II). Stage I magnetite grains are generally fragmented, euhedral–subhedral, large-sized crystals accompanying with slightly postdated pyrite. Stage II magnetite grains are mostly unfragmented, anhedral, relatively small-sized grains that co-exist with pyrrhotite. Combined with micro-textural features and previously-obtained geochronological data, we consider that these two stages of iron mineralization in the Pingchuan deposit correspond to the Permian ELIP magmatism and Cenozoic fault activity event. Both the Stage I and II magnetites are characterized with overall lower contents of trace elements (including Cr, Ti, V, and Ni) than the ELIP magmatic magnetite, which suggests a hydrothermal origin for them. “Skarn-like” enrichment in Sn, Mn, and Zn in the Stage I magnetite grains indicate significant material contributions from carbonate wall-rocks due to water–rock interaction in ore-forming processes. Stage II magnetite grains contain higher Mn concentrations than Stage I magnetite grains, which possibly implies more contribution from carbonate rocks. In multiple-element diagrams, the Stage I magnetite shows systematic similarities to Kiruna-type magnetite rather than those from other types of deposits. Combined with geological features and previous studies on oxygen isotopes, we conclude that hydrothermal fluids have played a key role in the generation of the Pingchuan low-Ti iron deposit.
华南暖区暴雨发生时,冷空气和锋面离广东较远,往往事前不易被发现,漏报或迟报较多。基于覆盖华南区域的3 km GRAPES_Meso模式和ADAS（ARPS Data Analysis System）系统的复杂云分析方案,选取2015年5月16日发生在粤西沿海地区的一次暖区暴雨个例进行数值试验,研究模式初始湿度条件的差异对暖区对流系统的触发、发展和维持的可预报性的影响。试验结果表明,增加模式的初始云信息可以增大初始场中低层的大气湿度,使空气接近或达到饱和,从而使数值模式有能力模拟出与实况接近的降水。分析模拟结果的对流触发和维持过程,可以发现,（1）初始水汽和云水物质的增多,增大了大气的不稳定性:对流有效位能（CAPE）增大、K指数增大,对流抑制能量（CIN）减小、抬升指数（LI）减小,而且大气可降水量（PW）增多,从而使对流能够被快速激发;（2）暖区暴雨对流触发和对流维持的机制有所不同:模式对初始时刻湿度条件高度敏感,模式开始积分后饱和大气释放凝结潜热加热大气,所导致的浮力增强使对流更容易被触发;对流维持发展阶段,降水引发地面弱冷池形成,冷池向外流出气流与粤西沿海暖湿气流的汇合维持了低层水平风场辐合,从而维持了对流和降水的发展。进一步的敏感性试验表明,减少初始水汽增量,则辐合上升运动减弱,激发的对流强度减弱,且对流发生、发展、消散的速度变慢、滞后于实况。 相似文献
The future vegetation–climate system over East Asia, as well as its dependence on Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), is investigated using a regional climate–vegetation model driven with boundary conditions from Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model: Grid-point Version 2. Over most of the region, due to the rising CO2 concentration and climate changes, the model projects greater vegetation density (leaf area index) and gradual shifts of vegetation type from bare ground to grass or from grass to trees; the projected spatial extent of the vegetation shift increases from RCP2.6 to RCP8.5. Abrupt shifts are projected under RCP8.5 over northeast China (with grass replacing boreal needleleaf evergreen trees due to heat stress) and India (with tropical deciduous trees replacing grass due to increased water availability). The impact of vegetation feedback on future precipitation is relatively weak, while its impact on temperature is more evident, especially during DJF over northeast China and India with differing mechanisms. In northeast China, the projected forest loss induces a cooling through increased albedo, and daytime high temperature (Tmax) is influenced more than nighttime low temperature (Tmin); in India, increased vegetation cover induces an evaporative cooling that outweighs the warming effect of an albedo decrease in DJF, leading to a weaker impact on Tmax than on Tmin. Based on a single model, the qualitative aspects of these results may hold while quantitative assessment will benefit from a follow-up regional model ensemble study driven by multiple general circulation models.
Platinum-group elements （PGE） in PGE-rich porphyry copper （gold） deposits are mainly Pt and Pd, whereas the concentrations of other PGE （Ru, Rh, Os, Ir） are significantly low. Moreover, Pt and Pd mainly exist in sulfides in the forms of crystal lattice or tiny platinum-group mineral （PGM） inclusions. The present data show that there is a positive relationship between Pt and Pd concentrations and Cu （Au） in porphyry copper （gold） deposits. The comparison of chondrite-normalized PGE distribution patterns between the ore-bearing porphyry intrusions and ore-barren porphyry intrusions in arc setting, 187^Os/188^Os, 87^Sr/86^Sr and S isotopes for porphyry copper （gold） deposits shows that PGEs were mainly derived from the mantle, and fluids from subduction zones devoted trivial PGE to the magma. The porphyry copper （gold） deposits associated with subducted events are most probably enriched in PGE, whereas those related to crustal thickening, lithospheric delamination or underplating rarely concentrate PGE. The osmium isotopic compositions in porphyry copper （gold） deposits reveal that （187^Os/188^Os）i values are highly variable and not lower than those of primitive upper mantle （PUM） and mantle peridotite, however, osmium concentrations are commonly lower than mantle peridotite, suggesting that parental magmas of some porphyry intrusions had experienced crustal contamination during magma evolution. Experimental investigations have proved that PGE exist in the forms of Cl^- and HS^- complexes during transportation and migration of the oreforming fluids. This paper summarizes previous studies including crucial controlling factors and mechanisms for PGE enrichment, and points out that the mantle-derived magmas parental to porphyry intrusions are the prerequisite for PGE enrichment in porphyry copper （gold） deposits. Favorable physical and chemical conditions （including salinity, temperature, pressure, pH, and oxygen fugacity） in hydrothermal fluids crucially control the 相似文献
