We cultured different-sized fractions of dominant phytoplankton species,Skeletonema costatum,Chaetoceros curvisetus,and Thalassiosira nordenski ldii,collected in different sea areas in various seasons,and measured and compared their C,N,P,Si contents.The N content of these species is similar,while the C,P,and Si contents of S.costatum from eutrophic Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuary are higher than those from Jiaozhou Bay (JZB),particularly the content of Si.The C,N,P,and Si contents of cultured phytoplank... 相似文献
Abrupt climate change has an important impact on sustainable economic and social development, as well as ecosystem. However, it is very difficult to predict abrupt climate changes because the climate system is a complex and nonlinear system. In the present paper, the nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent (NLLE) is proposed as a new early warning signal for an abrupt climate change. The performance of NLLE as an early warning signal is first verified by those simulated abrupt changes based on four folding models. That is, NLLE in all experiments showed an almost monotonous increasing trend as a dynamic system approached its tipping point. For a well-studied abrupt climate change in North Pacific in 1976/1977, it is also found that NLLE shows an almost monotonous increasing trend since 1970 which give up to 6 years warning before the abrupt climate change. The limit of the predictability for a nonlinear dynamic system can be quantitatively estimated by NLLE, and lager NLLE of the system means less predictability. Therefore, the decreasing predictability may be an effective precursor indicator for abrupt climate change.
The headrace tunnels at the Jinping II Hydropower Station cross the Jinping Mountain with a maximum overburden depth of 2,525 m,
where 80% of the strata along the tunnels consist of marble. A number of extremely intense rockbursts occurred during the
excavation of the auxiliary tunnels and the drainage tunnel. In particular, a tunnel boring machine (TBM) was destroyed by
an extremely intense rockburst in a 7.2-m-diameter drainage tunnel. Two of the four subsequent 12.4-m-diameter headrace tunnels
will be excavated with larger size TBMs, where a high risk of extremely intense rockbursts exists. Herein, a top pilot tunnel
preconditioning method is proposed to minimize this risk, in which a drilling and blasting method is first recommended for
the top pilot tunnel excavation and support, and then the TBM excavation of the main tunnel is conducted. In order to evaluate
the mechanical effectiveness of this method, numerical simulation analyses using the failure approaching index, energy release
rate, and excess shear stress indices are carried out. Its construction feasibility is discussed as well. Moreover, a microseismic
monitoring technique is used in the experimental tunnel section for the real-time monitoring of the microseismic activities
of the rock mass in TBM excavation and for assessing the effect of the top pilot tunnel excavation in reducing the risk of
rockbursts. This method is applied to two tunnel sections prone to extremely intense rockbursts and leads to a reduction in
the risk of rockbursts in TBM excavation. 相似文献