基于空间自相关的东莞市主体功能区划分简   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

林锦耀  黎夏 《地理研究》2014,33(2):349-357

中国“十一五”规划纲要明确提出,根据资源环境承载能力、现有开发密度和发展潜力,统筹考虑未来中国人口分布、经济布局、国土利用和城镇化格局,将国土空间划分为优化开发、重点开发、限制开发和禁止开发四类主体功能区。至今已有不少学者开展主体功能区划分研究,但所用方法工作量大,或带有一定的主观性,且未考虑同类功能区集聚或分散程度。因此提出利用遗传算法改进传统聚类方法,自动划分主体功能区,在划分过程中考虑区域的全局空间自相关特性,使同类功能区在空间上呈集聚分布的格局。以近年来城市快速扩张的东莞市为例,验证了此方法的可行性,能简单有效地进行主体功能区划分。与常用的K-means聚类方法相比,新方法划分结果更符合实际情况,能进一步推广应用到其它地区的主体功能区划分。  相似文献   

地方文化环境与大学教学科研融合发展的模式初探——基于英美若干研究型大学的经验研究     

孔翔  于良全 《世界地理研究》2014,(1):167-175

教学科研的深度融合是研究型大学的共同特点,但各个大学实现融合的模式仍存在差异。本文拟基于地方文化传统和周边产业发展需求,探索地方对大学主导功能的影响,并结合对英美典型研究性大学的案例剖析,研究不同大学教学科研融合发展的主要立足点不同的内在原因。研究显示,地方不仅为大学的发展提供资金和基础设施等方面的支持,也需要大学提供人力资本、知识创新等方面的服务,因此,大学的主导功能与地方文化经济环境密切相关,而教学科研的融合则往往立足于大学的主要功能。例如,牛津大学以人才培养为重点就深受英国传统文化的影响,哈佛在基础研究方面的卓越贡献也与其追求真理的文化传统有关,而斯坦福大学以服务产业发展促进人才培养与科研紧密融合的模式也受到实用教育理念的影响。总的看来,研究型大学都应该力促教学科研的深度融合,这是其承载文化传播和知识创造功能的基础,但就具体大学而言,很有必要适应特定地方的文化环境,探索适合的教学科研融合发展模式,而不要陷入盲目模仿的误区。  相似文献   

河北春季一次飞机人工增雪的综合分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李宝东  孙玉稳  孙霞  刘伟  韩洋  蒋元华 《干旱气象》2014,(5):819-829

2013年4月19日,河北省人工影响天气办公室在河北中南部地区根据云系特点首次采用多层次水平催化和垂直验证的方式对层状云进行人工催化和探测。本文利用机载仪器所取得的飞机探测资料,结合实时天气、卫星、雷达、探空和雨量观测资料,分析了河北春季层状云增雪作业的技术指标,探讨了航测微物理参量和卫星、雷达、探空等资料在作业中的应用。结果表明：云在发展期雷达回波由15 dBZ逐步上升到25-35 dBZ,卫星反演的云顶高度、云顶温度、有效粒子半径、光学厚度等都有增加;云在中后期有效粒子半径、光学厚度、液水路径迅速下降,雷达回波同时减弱。在高度3 177-5 723 m之间过冷云滴达100-700个/cm^3,含水量在0.01 g·m^-3左右,最大0.081 g·m^-3,云粒子主要在此增长,形成降水粒子,该区间适宜催化。作业后,影响区内云体发展,雷达回波增强,出现35 dBZ强回波,且强回波中心扩大;卫星反演的云顶高度、光学厚度等比对比区有明显增加。  相似文献   

近百年中国东部夏季降水年代际变化特征及其原因   总被引：15，自引：4，他引：11  

吕俊梅  祝从文  琚建华  林祥 《大气科学》2014,38(4):782-794

本文利用测站降水观测资料分析过去一百多年中国东部华北、长江流域以及华南夏季降水的年代际变化特征发现,尽管这三个地区的夏季降水具有不同的年代际转折时期,但是均同时在1910年代初期、1920年代初期、1940年代中期、1960年代中期、1970年代末期以及1990年代初期发生了跃变。近一百年间不同年代际时期东部夏季降水的分布型主要以南正北负或者南负北正的偶极型为主,并且无论是偶极型分布还是三极型分布,两个相邻年代际时期中国东部降水分布型发生完全反向变化的概率较高（60%）。此外,夏季的PDO、冬季的AO以及春季的北极海冰也同时在1920年代末期、1940年代中期、1970年代末期以及1990年代中期左右发生了跃变,这几次跃变时期与中国东部三个不同地区夏季降水发生跃变的时期一致,表现出近百年来太平洋年代振荡（PDO）、北极涛动（AO）以及北极海冰这三个因子对中国东部夏季降水年代际变化的协同作用。在年代际时间尺度上,夏季的PDO与华北夏季降水显著负相关。PDO的年代际变化能够在500 hPa位势高度场中激发出太平洋—日本（PJ）型年代际遥相关波列;同时在850 hPa风场中激发出类似于影响华北夏季降水年代际变化的大气环流型,从而影响华北降水的年代际变化。冬半年的AO与长江流域夏季降水存在显著正相关关系。冬季到春季正位相的AO导致亚洲大陆南部处于湿冷状态,土壤湿度的记忆性可将这种状态延续到夏季。因此,夏季海陆热力对比减弱,东亚夏季风发生年代际减弱,相应地长江流域的降水年代际增多。春季北极海冰与华南夏季降水显著负相关,北极海冰的年代际异常能在500 hPa位势高度场中激发出与静止Rossby波异常传播相联系的欧亚—华南年代际遥相关波列,从而影响华南降水的年代际变化。  相似文献   

Geochemical aspects of accumulation of macroelements in the subcolloidal fraction of bottom sediments at the Razdol’naya River-Amur Bay cross-section (the Sea of Japan)     

D. M. Polyakov  A. V. Mozherovskii  A. A. Mar’yash 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2014,39(10):697-704

The concentration of Si, Al, Mg, K, Ca, Na, Sr, and Ba in the subcolloidal fraction of sediments at the Razdol’naya River-Amur Bay cross-section is determined using the atomic emission spectroscopy method. Computed is the mean content of studied elements in the soil and river bottom sediments (to the mixing zone). Revealed are river bottom sediments with the high concentration of macroelements corresponding to the zone of mixing of fresh river water and salt sea water. It is demonstrated that the additional accumulation of macroelements (Ca, Na, and Sr) in these sediments is associated with the formation of hydroxides of Fe and Mn and processes of sorption (Mg, Ca, Na, K, Sr, and Ba) on clay minerals (hydromica and smectites).  相似文献   

Experience of using a dynamic stochastic approach for solving the problem of very short-range forecasting of state parameters of the atmospheric boundary layer     

V. S. Komarov  A. V. Lavrinenko  N. Ya. Lomakina  S. N. Il’in 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2014,39(2):77-83

Discussed are the results of applying a dynamic stochastic method based on the use of the two-dimensional model and the Kalman filtering algorithm for solving the problem of the very short-range (from 0.5 to 6 hours) fore cast of air temperature and orthogonal components of the wind speed in the atmospheric boundary layer realized using the data of radio metric, sodar, and in creased-frequency radiosonde measurements. It is demonstrated that the pro posed technique and the appropriate algorithm give a rather high ac cu racy of very short-range fore casting of temperature and wind within the lead time range under consideration.  相似文献   

Land use contribution to the anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases in Russia in 2000–2011     

A. A. Romanovskaya  V. N. Korotkov  N. S. Smirnov  R. T. Karaban’  A. A. Trunov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2014,39(3):137-145

Presented is the assessment of the contribution that such major types of the land use in Russia as arable lands, forage lands, settlements, and peatery make to anthropogenic fluxes of carbon dioxide CO₂, methane CH₄, and nitrogen oxide N₂O, The assessment is based on the methods of computation monitoring carried out in the period from 2000 to 2011. The results of the study demonstrated that every year arable lands cause the emission of CO₂ and N₂O of about 117.0 and 74.9 million t CO₂ equiv, and peatery, 0.54 and 105.4 thousand t CO₂ equiv, respectively. The balance of soil carbon in hayfields and pastures is close to zero. The average emissions of CH₄ and N₂O from the manure of pasture animals amount to 0.2 and 5.0 million t CO₂ equiv/year, and those from grass fires, 276.1 and 372.5 thousand t CO₂ equiv/year, respectively. The carbon balance in permanent soils of settlements is also almost close to zero, and newly built-up lands are the source of CO₂ (9.5 million t/year). The natural overgrowing of fallow lands leads to the accumulation of the soil carbon (about 92.4 million t CO₂/year). It was revealed that the intensity of CO₂ emission is defined by the soil carbon balance and that of other gases, by the amount of nitrogen fertilizers, plant residues, and manure coming to the soil. The total emission from the land use is 106.9 million t CO₂ equiv/year that makes up 4.9% of the total anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases in the Russian Federation.  相似文献   

A new approach to the automatic computation of partial volumes of river runoff with various degrees of pollution (a case study for the Selenga River)     

E. A. Rumyantseva  N. N. Bobrovitskaya  E. V. Il’in 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2014,39(6):395-401

Proposed are the methods and software package that enable estimating automatically the degree of the pollution of annual and long-term river runoff at the joint processing of large volumes of standard (routine) hydrological and hydrochemical information. As a result of computations, the individual quality certificate of river runoff was created for the part of the river under study. Computation methods include regulations concerning the parameters that connect the water runoff volume with water quality; the parameters that may connect the computation of the pollution degree using RD 52.24.643-2002 adapted for the partial volumes of the annual runoff according to these methods, with the subsequent classification of the pollution degree. The computation technique was worked out and used for the first time. The informativeness of estimates is demonstrated for one of the discharge section lines of the Selenga River.  相似文献   

Variations of contemporary glaciation of the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus in the 20th century and the forecast of its degradation in the 21st century     

P. M. Lur’e  V. D. Panov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2014,39(4):254-259

In the 20th century on the territory of the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus the number of glaciers increased by 245 (or by 19%) and the glaciation area decreased by 849 km² (or by 52.6%). It is revealed that the increase in the number of glaciers occurred as a result of the disintegration of larger glaciers into smaller parts and as a result of the cutoff of their tributaries, and the decrease in the glaciation area, due to the negative balance of the mass of glaciers. The length of all glaciers decreased by 128–3520 m during that period. It is demonstrated that in 1970–2011 the decrease in the glaciation area occurred with the rate being smaller than in 1895–1970 by 1.6 times that is associated with more favorable climatic conditions in 1970–2011. According to the computations of the climate model by the Main Geophysical Observatory (moderate scenario) for 2011–2099, average annual air temperature will increase by 1.06–2.70°C and the annual amount of precipitation, by 2.09–2.77%. According to the results of computations, the glaciation area in 2011–2099 will reduce by 585 km² or by 76.5%. In the region under consideration, glaciation with the area of 180 km² which will be concentrated only in the central part of the Greater Caucasus will maintain by 2099. The glacier runoff will decrease by 74–80%.  相似文献   

Climatic and environmental characteristics of Moscow megalopolis according to the data of the Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory over 60 years     

N. E. Chubarova  E. I. Nezval’  I. B. Belikov  E. V. Gorbarenko  I. D. Eremina  E. Yu. Zhdanova  I. A. Korneva  P. I. Konstantinov  M. A. Lokoshchenko  A. I. Skorokhod  O. A. Shilovtseva 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2014,39(9):602-613

Analyzed are the results of meteorological and environmental measurements performed over the 60-year period (1954–2013) at the Meteorological Observatory of Lomonosov Moscow State University. The significant positive temperature trend (0.04°C/year for 1954–2013) was obtained; it increased up to 0.07°C/year in 1976–2012. Considered are the features of seasonal variations of different atmospheric characteristics. Discussed are the type and causes of low-frequency changes in meteorological parameters, radiation balance components, radiation in different spectral ranges, and chemical composition of precipitation. Demonstrated are possible mechanisms of the more significant increase observed in air temperature in Moscow as compared with that in Central Federal District and their connection with the greenhouse effect in the urban atmosphere.  相似文献