基于连阴雨灾害指数的陕西省苹果生长风险分析   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

李美荣  李星敏  李艳莉  刘映宁  梁轶 《干旱气象》2011,29(1)

利用陕西省苹果产区近40 a 8月中旬至10月中旬逐日降雨量资料,提出了以连阴雨灾害指数L<,u>(L<,u>=N<,r≥3>/N<,R=0>)(N<,r≥3>为8月中旬至10月中旬雨日连续3 d以上的日数,N<,R=0>为8月中旬至10月中旬无降水日数)量化进行风险分析的方法.用此方法计算了苹果产区各地连阴雨气象灾害指数,分轻度、中度、重度3级对果区各地连阴雨气象灾害指数进行了分级、评价.结果表明,有13个县连阴雨气象灾害指数为轻度,有27个县连阴雨气象灾害指数为中度,有8个县连阴雨气象灾害指数为重度.此计算结果与陕西果区实际连阴雨影响基本一致,表明灾害指数方法是一种较好的风险分析方法.  相似文献   

Impacts of soil conservation on groundwater recharge in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

John B. Gates  Bridget R. Scanlon  Xingmin Mu  Lu Zhang 《Hydrogeology Journal》2011,19(4):865-875

Soil conservation measures undertaken to address land degradation can alter the hydrologic cycle by changing partitioning of water fluxes at the land surface. While effects on runoff are well documented, impacts of soil conservation activities on fluxes to groundwater are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to examine fluxes to groundwater in a semi-arid area of China’s Loess Plateau that has been subject to extensive soil conservation activities. Unsaturated zone pore-water pressures and concentrations of chloride show that impacts on deep drainage differ between ecological and structural soil conservation approaches. High matric potentials and low chloride beneath cultivated terrace and gulley sites are consistent with deep drainage occurring at these sites. Estimated recharge rates for dryland cultivated upland sites were approximately 55??0?mm/year (11??8% of mean annual rainfall) based upon chloride mass balance. In contrast, results suggest that mature tree and shrub plantations prevent deep drainage. Stable isotope signatures of unsaturated-zone moisture and groundwater indicate that focused infiltration through gullies and other topographic lows is likely to be the primary recharge mechanism. The results of this study highlight the potential for inadvertent effects of some soil conservation approaches on regional water resources.  相似文献   

Response of a loess landslide to rainfall: observations from a field artificial rainfall experiment in Bailong River Basin,China     

Guan Chen  Xingmin Meng  Liang Qiao  Yi Zhang  Siyuan Wang 《Landslides》2018,15(5):895-911

Rainfall-induced landslides are a significant hazard in many areas of loess-covered terrain in Northwest China. To investigate the response of a loess landslide to rainfall, a series of artificial rainfall experiments were conducted on a natural loess slope, located in the Bailong River Basin, in southern Gansu Province. The slope was instrumented to measure surface runoff, pore water pressure, soil water content, earth pressure, displacement, and rainfall. The hydrological response was also characterized by time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography. The results show that most of the rainfall infiltrated into the loess landslide, and that the pore water pressure and water content responded rapidly to simulated rainfall events. This indicates that rainfall infiltration on the loess landslide was significantly affected by preferential flow through fissures and macropores. Different patterns of pore water pressure and water content variations were determined by the antecedent soil moisture conditions, and by the balance between water recharge and drainage in the corresponding sections. We observed three stages of changing pore water pressure and displacement within the loess landslide during the artificial rainfall events: Increases in pore water pressure initiated movement on the slope, acceleration in movement resulting in a rapid decrease in pore water pressure, and attainment of a steady state. We infer that a negative pore water pressure feedback process may have occurred in response to shear-induced dilation of material as the slope movement accelerated. The process of shear dilatant strengthening may explain the phenomenon of semi-continuous movement of the loess landslide. Shear dilatant strengthening, caused by intermittent or continuous rainfall over long periods, can occur without triggering rapid slope failure.  相似文献   

Investigating slow-moving landslides in the Zhouqu region of China using InSAR time series     

Yi Zhang  Xingmin Meng  Colm Jordan  Alessandro Novellino  Tom Dijkstra  Guan Chen 《Landslides》2018,15(7):1299-1315

In the Zhouqu region (Gansu, China), landslide distribution and activity exploits geological weaknesses in the fault-controlled belt of low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Bailong valley and severely impacts lives and livelihoods in this region. Landslides reactivated by the Wenchuan 2008 earthquake and debris flows triggered by rainfall, such as the 2010 Zhouqu debris flow, have caused more than 1700 casualties and estimated economic losses of some US$0.4 billion. Earthflows presently cover some 79% of the total landslide area and have exerted a strong influence on landscape dynamics and evolution in this region. In this study, we use multi-temporal Advanced Land Observing Satellite and Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS PALSAR) data and time series interferometric synthetic aperture radar to investigate slow-moving landslides in a mountainous region with steep topography for the period December 2007–August 2010 using the Small Baseline Subsets (SBAS) technique. This enabled the identification of 11 active earthflows, 19 active landslides with deformation rates exceeding 100 mm/year and 20 new instabilities added into the pre-existing landslide inventory map. The activity of these earthflows and landslides exhibits seasonal variations and accelerated deformation following the Wenchuan earthquake. Time series analysis of the Suoertou earthflow reveals that seasonal velocity changes are characterized by comparatively rapid acceleration and gradual deceleration with distinct kinematic zones with different mean velocities, although velocity changes appear to occur synchronously along the landslide body over seasonal timescales. The observations suggest that the post-seismic effects (acceleration period) on landslide deformation last some 6–7 months.  相似文献   

浅变质烃源岩生物标志物地球化学—以漠河盆地漠河组为例     

苗忠英  赵省民  邓坚  陆程  师生宝  王晶  毛立全 《地质学报》2014,88(1):134-143

漠河盆地漠河组发育有浅变质烃源岩,目前还未见对其生物标志物地球化学的公开报道。为了探讨其生标特征,应用生标参数判识烃源岩的沉积环境、有机母质来源和热演化程度而展开本项研究。结果表明：（1）饱和烃碳数分布范围为C11~C27,以C17为主峰;轻重比（∑C21-/∑C22+）为4.0~6.3,平均为5.3;OEP为1.23~1.37,平均为1.31;Pr/Ph为0.9~1.4,平均值为1.2;伽马蜡烷指数为0.23~0.30,平均为0.27;升藿烷指数为0.04~0.06;（2）萜烷中藿烷的相对含量最高,其次为三环萜烷,四环萜烷的相对含量最低;规则甾烷的相对含量为C29>C27>C28,C27、C28、C29ααα-规则甾烷（20R）的相对峰高呈“V”字型;（3）重排甾烷和重排藿烷的相对含量较低;β-胡萝卜烷、奥利烷和25-降藿烷的峰形特征明显。综合多项生标参数并结合沉积环境和构造演化特征分析认为,漠河组浅变质烃源岩沉积于强还原的湖泊环境、沉积水体具有一定的盐度,有机质为陆生高等植物和低等水生生物双重来源,现已热演化至高成熟阶段。  相似文献   

新疆玛纳斯河山前地貌对构造活动的响应     

史兴民  李有利  杨景春  南峰 《地质学报》2008,82(2):281-288

玛纳斯河是天山北麓最大的一条河流,流域内山前地貌对构造活动有明显的响应.根据野外调查和综合分析,结果表明天山北麓在南北向的挤压作用下,在山前依次形成了3排褶皱低山丘陵和第四排正在发育的西湖隆起.冲积扇也在历次构造运动中不断向北推进,呈串珠状发育.褶皱丘陵内阶地的也发生了拱曲变形.这些特征反映了自第四纪以来,天山北麓随着天山主体在不断抬升,并且持续地由南向北推挤,使山麓范围不断地向盆地方向扩张.  相似文献   

Effects of temperature and pressure differences on water seepage in breccia     

Longjun Xu  Xingmin Wang  Xuefu Xian 《中国地球化学学报》2012,31(3):260-263

Effects of temperature and pressure differences on water seepage in breccia were investigated by using the physicochemical seepage instrument.The results show that the relationship of flow and pressure differences can be expressed by a linear equation,and the seepage coefficient is linearly correlated with temperature.The relation-ship between seepage flow and temperature could be described with the linear equation.The constant and tempera-ture seepage coefficient showed a linear relation with pressure.Binary quantitative equation for the seepage flow,temperature and pressure was obtained,and explained with experimental data and theoretical analysis.  相似文献   

The Runoff Declining Process and Water Quality in Songhuajiang River Catchment,China under Global Climatic Change     

Xingmin Mu  Ying Li  Peng Gao  Hongbo Shao  Fei Wang 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2012,40(4):394-401

The runoff in Songhuajiang River catchment has experienced a decreasing trend during the second half of the 20th century. Serially complete daily rainfall data of 42 rainfall stations from 1959 to 2002 and daily runoff data of five meteorological stations from 1953 to 2005 were obtained. The Mann–Kendall trend test and the sequential version of Mann–Kendall test were employed in this study to test the monthly and annual trends for both rainfall and runoff, to determine the start point of abrupt runoff declining, and to identify the main driving factors of runoff decline. The results showed an insignificant increasing trend in rainfall but a significant decreasing trend in runoff in the catchment. For the five meteorological stations, abrupt runoff decline occurred during 1957–1963 and the middle 1990s. Through Mann–Kendall comparisons for the area‐rainfall and runoff for the two decreasing periods, human activity, rather than climatic change, is identified as the main driving factor of runoff decline. Analysis of land use/cover shows that farmland is most related with runoff decline among all the land use/cover change in Nenjiang catchment. From 1986 to 1995, the area of farmland increased rapidly from 6.99 to 7.61 million hm². Hydraulic engineering has a significant influence on the runoff decline in the second Songhuajiang catchment. Many large‐scale reservoirs and hydropower stations have been built in the upstream of the Second Songhuajiang and lead to the runoff decline. Nenjiang and the Second Songhuajiang are the two sources of mainstream of Songhuajiang. Decreased runoff in these two sub‐catchments then results in runoff decrease in mainstream of Songhuajiang catchment. It is, therefore, concluded that high percent agricultural land and hydraulic engineering are the most probable driving factors of runoff decline in Songhuajiang River catchment, China.  相似文献   

中国典型等降水量线年代际空间演变   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

李雪萍  史兴民  王阿如娜 《中国沙漠》2016,36(1):232-238

基于1960-2013年中国573个气象站的月降水量数据,选用普通克里金插值法生成典型等降水量线(200、400,800 mm),从等降水量线移动距离和移动趋势的角度分析了中国近54年典型等降水量线的时空演变特征。结果表明:(1) 200、400,800 mm等降水量线近54年的空间分布大致呈东北-西南走向,且从西北到东南有序排列。(2) 200 mm等降水量线在宁夏平原和西藏中西部波动强烈,且均有向东和向南偏移趋势。200 mm等降水量线在宁夏平原20世纪70、80年代、21世纪初东移,20世纪90年代、21世纪10年代初西移。西藏中西部自20世纪80年代起200 mm等降水量线有西移和北移态势,新疆北部200 mm等降水量线范围不断扩大。(3) 400 mm等降水量线在华北中东部波动强烈,20世纪70年代、21世纪00年代东移,20世纪80、90年代和21世纪10年代初西移,且整体有向东和向南的偏移趋势,但年代际波动大。(4) 800 mm等降水量线在秦岭-淮河一线波动强烈,20世纪80年代、21世纪00年代北移,20世纪70、90年代、21世纪10年代初南移,且纬度降低趋势较明显。  相似文献   

陕西省榆林市秋冬季黑碳观测研究     

杜川利  李星敏  陈闯  王繁强  彭艳  董妍  董自鹏 《中国沙漠》2014,34(3):869-877

利用2011年秋冬季榆林大气成分站黑碳浓度、颗粒物质量浓度、大气能见度、地面气象资料,计算边界层高度、气溶胶吸收系数、大气消光系数,导出单次散射反照率,并对其进行分析讨论。结果表明：（1） 榆林秋冬季平均黑碳浓度为2.6 μg·m^-3。（2）黑碳占颗粒物质量浓度PM_1.0比值为10.6%,黑碳与颗粒物质量浓度PM_1.0、PM_2.5、PM₁₀相关系数分别为0.91、0.91、0.72。（3）黑碳浓度受边界层高度影响,沙漠风场对黑碳的堆积输送起主导作用。（4） 榆林地区气溶胶吸收系数与大气消光系数比值为16.8%。（5）单次散射反照率平均值为0.72。  相似文献