Interactions between mesoscale eddy variability and Indian Ocean dipole events in the Southeastern tropical Indian Ocean—case studies for 1994 and 1997/1998     

Tomomichi Ogata  Yukio Masumoto 《Ocean Dynamics》2010,60(3):717-730

Interannual modulation of mesoscale eddy activity at the intraseasonal timescale in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean and its relation to the Indian Ocean dipole mode (IOD) events are investigated using results from a high-resolution ocean general circulation model. The model reproduces observed characteristics of the intraseasonal variability and its interannual modulation fairly well, with large variances of the intraseasonal variability during the 1994 and 1997/1998 IOD events. Large negative temperature anomaly off the coasts of Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands in boreal summer, due to seasonal variation and interannual anomaly, extended further to the east in 1994, and the associated strong Indonesian throughflow enhanced the baroclinic instability in the upper layer, generating anomalously large mesoscale eddy activity. The eddy heat transport, in turn, significantly affected decaying phase of the 1994 IOD event. On the other hand, the development of the cold region off the Java Island associated with the 1997/1998 IOD event occurred in boreal winter, causing weaker baroclinic instability and hence weaker eddy activity off Java. This led to little influence on the heat budget in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean for the 1997/1998 IOD event.  相似文献   

Simultaneous volume measurements of post-perovskite and perovskite in MgSiO3 and their thermal equations of state     

Tetsuya Komabayashi  Kei Hirose  Emiko Sugimura  Nagayoshi Sata  Yasuo Ohishi  Leonid S. Dubrovinsky 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,265(3-4):515-524

Simultaneous volume measurements of MgSiO₃ post-perovskite (PPv) and perovskite (Pv) were performed in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) combined with synchrotron X-rays. An externally-heated DAC was used in addition to a laser-heated DAC for the volume measurement experiment at high temperatures. The volume data were collected in the stability field of post-perovskite from 115 to 130 GPa. The temperature generated in the externally-heated and the laser-heated DACs for the volume measurement were up to 832 and 2330 K, respectively. Using two different but complementary heating techniques, we collected the data at a wide temperature range from 300 to 2330 K. The obtained P-V-T data for PPv and Pv were fitted to a third-ordered Birch-Murnaghan equation of state (EOS). For a precise comparison of the volume between the two phases, the EOSs were constructed based on the same pressure scale of MgO. The simultaneous volume measurements and the volumes calculated from the determined EOSs demonstrate that the volume difference between PPv and Pv of about 1.5% is almost constant with increasing temperature to 4000 K at the transition. At the base of the mantle, this density difference corresponds to a temperature anomaly of 1300 K without the phase transition due to the very small thermal expansivity of minerals, which has a significant effect on mantle dynamics. The thermal expansivity contrast between the top and the bottom of the mantle is a factor of 3.6. From a mantle convection study, this value suggests that huge and hot plumes are formed at the core–mantle boundary.  相似文献   

Testing of the bandpass eddy covariance method for a long-term measurement of water vapour flux over a forest     

Tsutomu Watanabe  Katsumi Yamanoi  Yukio Yasuda 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,96(3):473-491

The bandpass eddy covariance method has been used to measure the turbulent flux of scalar quantities using a slow-responsescalar sensor. The method issimilar in principle to the traditional eddy correlation method but includes the estimation of high-frequency components of the flux on the basis of cospectral similarity in the atmospheric surface layer. In order to investigate the performance of the method, measurements of the water vapour flux over a forest with the bandpass eddy covariance method and the direct eddy correlation method were compared. The flux obtained by the bandpass eddy covariance method agreed with that by the eddy correlation method within ±20% for most cases, in spite of a rather slow sensor-response of the adopted hygrometer. This result supports its relevance to a long-term continuous operation, since a stable, low-maintenance,general-purpose sensor canbe utilized for scalar quantities. Oneweak point of the method isits difficulty in principle to measure the correct flux when the magnitude of the sensible heat flux is very small, because the method uses the sensible heat flux as a standard reference for the prediction of undetectable high-frequency components of the scalar flux. An advanced method is then presented to increase its robustness. In the new method, output signals from a slow-response sensor are corrected using empirical frequency-responsefunctions for the sensor,thereby extending the width of the bandpass frequency region where components of the flux are directly measured (not predicted). The advanced method produced correct fluxes for all cases including the cases of small sensible heat flux. The advanced bandpass eddy covariance method is thus appropriate for along-term measurement of the scalar fluxes.  相似文献   

日本地震预警系统在2011年3月11日地震中的效能、不足与改进     

Yukio Fujinawa  Yoichi Noda 《国际地震动态》2015,(7)

自2007年10月以来,成熟的公共紧急地震速报(earthquake early warning,EEW)系统(国内称为地震预警系统)在日本得到应用。2011年日本东北近海(Tohokuoki)地震和海啸(也被称为3·11)发生时,震中附近的几百万人在最严重的振动发生前约15~20s,收到了地震预警(EEW)信息,同时更多周边地区的人在不太严重的振动开始前,有更多的预警时间。这些人中大约90%能够预先采取行动拯救自己及其家庭成员的生命,或根据事先计划采取其他措施,有些行为措施是基于对警报的直观反应。如此高的效率,取决于学校及社会中关于EEW系统知识的教育。尽管EEW系统存在着一些不足,但其有效性促使日本加密现有的地震与海啸监测台网。该台网在日本东部近海岛弧有约150个台站,并提供一个特殊的终端,使EEW系统更进一步应用在超过53 000名学生的学校中。当前对其分析和发布方案的改进也正在进行中。  相似文献   

Noble gas record and cosmic‐ray exposure history of the new CO3 chondrite Moss––Comparison with Lancé and other CO chondrite falls     

Rainer BARTOSCHEWITZ  Ulrich OTT  Luitgard FRANKE  Siegfried HERRMANN  Yukio YAMAMOTO  Keisuke NAGAO  Morten BILET  Thomas GRAU 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2010,45(8):1380-1391

Abstract– The Moss meteorite is the first CO chondrite fall after a time period of 70 yr and the least terrestrially contaminated member of its group. Its cosmic‐ray exposure (CRE) age (T₃ ～ 13.5 Ma; T₂₁ ～ 14.6 Ma) is distinct among CO chondrites and, within witnessed falls is the shortest after Lancé, which we have reanalyzed. Gas retention ages are approximately 3.95 × 10⁹ yr (U/Th‐He) and approximately 4.43 × 10⁹ yr (K/Ar), respectively. Trapped Ar, Kr, and Xe are present in Moss in abundances typical for CO chondrites, with “planetary” elemental and isotopic compositions. Presence of HL‐xenon from presolar diamonds is observed in the stepwise release analysis of Lancé. It may also be present in Moss, but it is difficult to ascertain in single‐step bulk analyses. It follows from our new data combined with a survey of the literature that the abundance of trapped gases in CO chondrites is not a good indicator of their petrological subtype.  相似文献   

Particle-Image Velocimetry Measurements of Separation and Re-attachment of Airflow over Two-Dimensional Hills with Various Slope Angles and Approach-Flow Characteristics     

Isao Kanda  Yukio Yamao  Kiyoshi Uehara  Shinji Wakamatsu 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,148(1):157-175

Airflow over two-dimensional hills was investigated in a wind tunnel using particle image velocimetry. We focus on the flow separation behaviour. A trapezoidal hill shape was used in most of the experimental runs, but the critical slope angle for flow separation was approximately the same as that established for smooth hill shapes. The re-attachment point of the separated flow became farther from the hill as the slope angle $\theta $ increased, reaching a saturation of about seven times the hill height for $\theta \gtrsim 60^\circ $ . Increasing the upwind surface roughness length was found to suppress flow separation. This tendency is analogous to the previous experimental results for turbulent boundary layers on flat plates. The boundary-layer thickness varied by the presence or absence of Counihan-type spires and a castellated fence at the test-section entrance had negligible effect on the flow separation.  相似文献   

Feeding Strategy of Japanese Sand Lance Larvae in Relation to Ciliated Protozoa in the Vicinity of a Thermohaline Front   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Naoki Nagano  Yukio Iwatsuki  Yuji Okazaki  Hideaki Nakata 《Journal of Oceanography》2001,57(2):155-163

Larval feeding and survival strategies are described on a Japanese sand lance, Ammodytes personatus Girard, collected in the vicinity of a thermohaline front in the Ise Bay, in comparison with those of other predominant larvae, Hexagrammos spp. and Sebastiscus marmoratus (Cuvier). First-feeding A. personatus larvae (3.1–3.9 mm NL) fed primarily on tintinnid ciliates, subsequently switching to copepod nauplii (4.0–7.9 mm NL larvae) and post-naupliar copepods (8.0–11.3 mm NL larvae). First-feeding Hexagrammos spp. larvae (6.5–6.9 mm NL) fed primarily on post-naupliar copepods, and first-feeding S. marmoratus larvae (<4.0 mm NL), mostly on copepod nauplii. The different food preferences of these species at first-feeding were related to their different mouth widths (0.15–0.19, 0.52–0.56 and 0.32–0.40 mm, respectively) and/or body size (3.1–3.9, 6.5–6.9 and 3.2–3.9 mm NL, respectively). Ciliate-feeding by first-feeding A. personatus larvae was strongly related to the convergence of the larvae and their prey near the thermohaline front, densities of both being greater on the inshore side of the frontal zone. In conclusion, the aggregation of ciliates near the thermohaline front may have improved feeding conditions and survival of first-feeding A. personatus larvae.  相似文献   

On the coefficient of shear diffusion     

Yukio Oonishi  Hideaki Kunishi 《Journal of Oceanography》1977,33(3):165-167

The approximate relation of the coefficient of shear diffusion against time is shown by means of a two-level model.  相似文献   

A real-time observation network of ocean-bottom-seismometers deployed at the Sagami trough subduction zone,central Japan     

Eguchi  Takao  Fujinawa  Yukio  Fujita  Eisuke  Iwasaki  Sin-Iti  Watabe  Isao  Fujiwara  Hiroyuki 《Marine Geophysical Researches》1998,20(2):73-94

We installed a real-time operating regional observation network of Ocean-Bottom-Seismometers, connected to an electro-optical fiber communication cable, at the Sagami trough subduction zone, just south of the Tokyo metropolitan area, central Japan. The network, called ETMC, has six seismic observation sites at approximately 20 km spacing. In addition, there are three tsunami observation sites along the ETMC network to monitor the propagation process of tsunamis around the Sagami trough region.The on-line data from the ETMC has been improving the detection capability of smaller-magnitude earthquakes even at areas close to the margin of the trough. The ETMC data analyzing system, which has a function of real-time digital filtering for each seismic channel, can read the arrival times of P- and S-waves precisely, constraining well the automatic on-line hypocenter locations. The network has been providing useful information regarding the bending and downgoing process of the Philippine sea plate at the Sagami trough subduction zone.The pressure sensors of the installed network have a detection capability of tsunami wave trains with an amplitude of less than 1 cm. For example, the sensors recorded the full time history of tsunami wave trains, with mm order resolution, originating from a tsunami earthquake with 5.7 M_W and the tsunami magnitude of 7.5 occurred near Tori Shima (Tori Is.) of the Izu-Bonin Is. arc on September 4, 1996. The maximum amplitude of the tsunami signals on the trough-floor was approximately 1 cm (P-P), in contrast with approximately 20 cm (0-P) at a coastal site on Izu-Oshima, near the trough. Also, the pressure sensors observed tsunamis due to a large tsunami earthquake (7.1 M_W) at the northern New Guinea, on July 17, 1998.  相似文献   

GIS中地图注记尺寸和文字信息的损失   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Yukio Sadahiro  李艳 《测绘通报》1999,(2):42-44

地图注记是地理信息系统中不可缺少的组成内容。它将与空间目标有关的各种属性联系起来,如目标的名称、面积、周长等。ＧＩＳ中都有将注记配置的功能。地图注记的可读性取决于多种因素。字符尺寸是其中最重要的影响因素之一,通常大字符往往比小字符易读。但当地图注记以...  相似文献