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151.
Øivind Hauge 《Solar physics》1969,10(2):315-318
The solar spectrum at 3261 Å has been studied using the spectrograph at the Oslo Solar Observatory. From analysis of this wavelength region and recent results at 5085 Å, a solar cadmium abundance log N
Cd = 1.86 ± 0.15 is obtained. 相似文献
152.
153.
Internal pressure gradient estimation is problematic in σ-coordinate ocean models and models based on more generalised topography following coordinate systems. Artificial pressure
gradients in these models may create artificial flow. In recent literature, several methods for reducing the errors in the
estimated internal pressure gradients are suggested. A basin with a bell-shaped seamount in the middle has often been applied
as a test case. To supplement the findings from these more idealised experiments, the internal pressure gradient errors in
a σ-coordinate ocean model for the Nordic Seas are discussed in the present paper. Three methods for estimating internal pressure
gradients are applied in these experiments. The sensitivity of the results to the subtraction of background stratification
and to the horizontal viscosity are also investigated. For the extended Nordic Seas case, basin scale modes dominate after
a few days of simulation. The errors in the transports across some sections may be larger than 1 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s − 1) in these studies with 16-km grid resolution. The order of magnitude of the errors in the transports of Atlantic water into
the Nordic Seas is approximately 0.5 Sv or between 5 and 10 % of recent transport estimates based on measurements. The results
do not indicate that the errors are generally reduced if the background stratification is subtracted when estimating internal
pressure gradients in terrain following models. However, the results from the experiments initialised with the background
stratification show that the erroneous flows may be reduced considerably by using more recent techniques for estimating internal
pressure gradients, especially for higher values of horizontal viscosity. 相似文献
154.
Øyvind Byrkjedal Nils Gunnar Kvamstø Marius Meland Eystein Jansen 《Climate Dynamics》2006,26(5):473-487
Published reconstructions of last glacial maximum (LGM) sea surface temperatures and sea ice extent differ significantly.
We here test the sensitivity of simulated North Atlantic climates to two different reconstructions by using these reconstructions
as boundary conditions for model experiments. An atmospheric general circulation model has been used to perform two simulations
of the (LGM) and a modern-day control simulation. Standard (CLIMAP) reconstructions of sea ice and sea surface temperatures
have been used for the first simulation, and a set of new reconstructions in the Nordic Seas/Northern Atlantic have been used
for the second experiment. The new reconstruction is based on 158 core samples, and represents ice-free conditions during
summer in the Nordic Seas, with accordingly warmer sea surface temperatures and less extensive sea ice during winter as well.
The simulated glacial climate is globally 5.7 K colder than modern day, with the largest changes at mid and high latitudes.
Due to more intense Hadley circulation, the precipitation at lower latitudes has increased in the simulations of the LGM.
Relative to the simulation with the standard CLIMAP reconstructions, reduction of the sea ice in the North Atlantic gives
positive local responses in temperature, precipitation and reduction of the sea level pressure. Only very weak signatures
of the wintertime Icelandic Low occur when the standard CLIMAP sea surface temperature reconstruction is used as the lower
boundary condition in LGM. With reduced sea ice conditions in the Nordic Seas, the Icelandic Low becomes more intense and
closer to its present structure. This indicates that thermal forcing is an important factor in determining the strength and
position of the Icelandic Low. The Arctic Oscillation is the most dominant large scale variability feature on the Northern
Hemisphere in modern day winter climate. In the simulation of the LGM with extensive sea ice this pattern is significantly
changed and represents no systematic large scale variability over the North Atlantic. Reduction of the North Atlantic sea
ice extent leads to stronger variability in monthly mean sea level pressure in winter. The synoptic variability appears at
a lower level in the simulation when standard reconstructions of the sea surface in the LGM are used. A closer inspection
of storm tracks in this model experiment shows that that the synoptic lows follow a narrow band along the ice edge during
winter. The trajectories of synoptic lows are not constrained to the sea ice edge to the same degree when the sea ice extent
is reduced. Seasonally open waters in the Nordic Seas in the new reconstruction apparently act as a moisture source, consistent
with the current understanding of the rapid growth of the Fennoscandian and Barents Ice Sheets, during the LGM. The signal
from the intensified thermal forcing in the North Atlantic in Boreal winter is carried zonally by upper tropospheric waves,
and thus generates non-local responses to the changed sea ice cover. 相似文献
155.
N. Østgaard J. Stadsnes K. Aarsnes F. Søraas K. Måseide M. Smith J. Sharber 《Annales Geophysicae》1998,16(2):148-160
The PULSAUR II rocket was launched from Andøya Rocket Range at 23.43 UT on 9 February 1994 into a pulsating aurora. In this paper we focus on the observations of precipitating electrons and auroral X-rays. By using models it is possible to deduce the electron energy spectrum from X-ray measurements. Comparisons are made between the deduced electron fluxes and the directly measured electron fluxes on the rocket. We found the shape of the observed and the deduced electron spectra to fit very well, with almost identical e-folding energies in the energy range from 10 keV to 60–80 keV. For the integrated fluxes from 10.8 to 250 keV, we found a discrepancy of 30%. By combining two models, we have found a good method of deducing the electron precipitation from X-ray measurements. The discrepancies between calculations and measurements are in the range of the uncertainties in the measurements. 相似文献
156.
Stefan Tilmes JØrgen Brandt Frode FlatØy Robert Bergström Johannes Flemming Joakim Langner Jesper H. Christensen Lise M. Frohn Øystein Hov Ingo Jacobsen Eberthard Reimer Rainer Stern Jörg Zimmermann 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2002,42(1):91-121
Eulerian state-of-the-art air pollution forecasting systems on the European scale are operated routinely by several countries in Europe. DWD and FUB, both Germany, NERI, Denmark, NILU, Norway, and SMHI, Sweden, operate some of these systems. To apply such modeling systems, e.g. for regulatory purposes according to new EU directives, an evaluation and comparison of the model systems is fundamental in order to assess their reliability. One step in this direction is presented in this study: The model forecasts from all five systems have been compared to measurements of ground level ozone in Germany. The outstanding point in this investigation is the availability of a huge amount of data – from forecasts by the different model systems and from observations. This allows for a thorough interpretation of the findings and assures the significance of the observed features. Data from more than 300 measurement stations for a 5-month period (May–September 1999) of the German monitoring networks have been used in this comparison. Different spatial and temporal statistical parameters were applied in the evaluation. Generally, it was found that the most comprehensive models gave the best results. However, the less comprehensive and computational cheaper models also produced good results. The extensive comparison made it possible to point out weak points in the different models and to describe the individual model behavior for a full summer period in a climatological sense. The comparison also gave valuable information for an assessment of individual measurement stations and complete monitoring networks in terms of the representativeness of the observation data. 相似文献
157.
B. Rudels R. Meyer E. Fahrbach V. V. Ivanov S. Østerhus D. Quadfasel U. Schauer V. Tverberg R. A. Woodgate 《Annales Geophysicae》2000,18(6):687-705
The water mass distribution in northern Fram Strait and over the Yermak Plateau in summer 1997 is described using CTD data from two cruises in the area. The West Spitsbergen Current was found to split, one part recirculated towards the west, while the other part, on entering the Arctic Ocean separated into two branches. The main inflow of Atlantic Water followed the Svalbard continental slope eastward, while a second, narrower, branch stayed west and north of the Yermak Plateau. The water column above the southeastern flank of the Yermak Plateau was distinctly colder and less saline than the two inflow branches. Immediately west of the outer inflow branch comparatively high temperatures in the Atlantic Layer suggested that a part of the extraordinarily warm Atlantic Water, observed in the boundary current in the Eurasian Basin in the early 1990s, was now returning, within the Eurasian Basin, toward Fram Strait. The upper layer west of the Yermak Plateau was cold, deep and comparably saline, similar to what has recently been observed in the interior Eurasian Basin. Closer to the Greenland continental slope the salinity of the upper layer became much lower, and the temperature maximum of the Atlantic Layer was occasionally below 0.5 °C, indicating water masses mainly derived from the Canadian Basin. This implies that the warm pulse of Atlantic Water had not yet made a complete circuit around the Arctic Ocean. The Atlantic Water of the West Spitsbergen Current recirculating within the strait did not extend as far towards Greenland as in the 1980s, leaving a broader passage for waters from the Atlantic and intermediate layers, exiting the Arctic Ocean. A possible interpretation is that the circulation pattern alternates between a strong recirculation of the West Spitsbergen Current in the strait, and a larger exchange of Atlantic Water between the Nordic Seas and the inner parts of the Arctic Ocean. 相似文献
158.
Hans Økland 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1983,25(2):121-141
A vertically integrated model of a developing boundary layer over a wet surface is presented, and the expected change in the relative humidity is discussed. For the case of cold air moving over a water surface of constant temperature, analytical solutions of the model equations are obtained, giving the height, temperature and relative humidity of the boundary layer as functions of the distance travelled by the air column. The relation to the problem of sea smoke is discussed. 相似文献
159.
Oliver Wetter Christian Pfister Johannes P. Werner Eduardo Zorita Sebastian Wagner Sonia I. Seneviratne Jürgen Herget Uwe Grünewald Jürg Luterbacher Maria-Joao Alcoforado Mariano Barriendos Ursula Bieber Rudolf Brázdil Karl H. Burmeister Chantal Camenisch Antonio Contino Petr Dobrovolný Rüdiger Glaser Iso Himmelsbach Andrea Kiss Oldřich Kotyza Thomas Labbé Danuta Limanówka Laurent Litzenburger Øyvind Nordl Kathleen Pribyl Dag Retsö Dirk Riemann Christian Rohr Werner Siegfried Johan Söderberg Jean-Laurent Spring 《Climatic change》2014,125(3-4):349-363
The heat waves of 2003 in Western Europe and 2010 in Russia, commonly labelled as rare climatic anomalies outside of previous experience, are often taken as harbingers of more frequent extremes in the global warming-influenced future. However, a recent reconstruction of spring–summer temperatures for WE resulted in the likelihood of significantly higher temperatures in 1540. In order to check the plausibility of this result we investigated the severity of the 1540 drought by putting forward the argument of the known soil desiccation-temperature feedback. Based on more than 300 first-hand documentary weather report sources originating from an area of 2 to 3 million km2, we show that Europe was affected by an unprecedented 11-month-long Megadrought. The estimated number of precipitation days and precipitation amount for Central and Western Europe in 1540 is significantly lower than the 100-year minima of the instrumental measurement period for spring, summer and autumn. This result is supported by independent documentary evidence about extremely low river flows and Europe-wide wild-, forest- and settlement fires. We found that an event of this severity cannot be simulated by state-of-the-art climate models. 相似文献
160.
Oliver Wetter Christian Pfister Johannes P. Werner Eduardo Zorita Sebastian Wagner Sonia I. Seneviratne Jürgen Herget Uwe Grünewald Jürg Luterbacher Maria-Joao Alcoforado Mariano Barriendos Ursula Bieber Rudolf Brázdil Karl H. Burmeister Chantal Camenisch Antonio Contino Petr Dobrovolný Rüdiger Glaser Iso Himmelsbach Andrea Kiss Oldřich Kotyza Thomas Labbé Danuta Limanówka Laurent Litzenburger Øyvind Nordli Kathleen Pribyl Dag Retsö Dirk Riemann Christian Rohr Werner Siegfried Johan Söderberg Jean-Laurent Spring 《Climatic change》2014,125(3-4):365-367