The impact of hydrograph variability and frequency on sediment transport dynamics in a gravel-bed flume     

Ben D. Plumb  Carmelo Juez  William K. Annable  Chris W. McKie  Mario J. Franca 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(4):816-830

A laboratory study was undertaken to investigate how changes in flow regime and hydrograph shape (number of cycled hydrographs and duration of each hydrograph) together impact bedload transport and resulting bed morphology. Three hydrologic conditions (experiments) representing different levels of urbanization, or analogously different flow regimes, were derived from measured hydrometric field data. Each experiment consisted of a series of hydrographs with equal peak discharge and varying frequency, duration and flashiness. Bedload transport was measured throughout each hydrograph and measurements of bed topography and surface texture were recorded after each hydrograph. The results revealed hysteresis loops in both the total and fractional transport, with more pronounced loops for longer duration hydrographs, corresponding to lower rate of unsteadiness until reaching the peak discharge (pre-urbanization conditions). Shorter duration hydrographs (urban conditions) displayed more time above critical shear stress thresholds leading to higher bedload transport rates and ultimately to more variable hysteresis patterns. Surface textures from photographic methods revealed surface armoring in all experiments, with larger armor ratios for longer duration hydrographs, speculated to be due to vertical sorting and more time for bed rearrangements to occur. The direction of bed surface adjustment was linked to bedload hysteresis, more precisely with clockwise hysteresis (longer hydrographs) typically resulting in bed coarsening. More frequent and shorter duration hydrographs result in greater relative channel adjustments in slope, topographic variability and surface texture. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Perceptions and realities of land degradation in arid Otjimbingwe, Namibia     

David Ward  Ben T. Ngairorue  Andr Apollus  Hermanus Tjiveze 《Journal of Arid Environments》2000,45(4):337

We examined the perceptions and realities of land degradation in a communal ranching area, Otjimbingwe, in arid Namibia (in south-western Africa). It is commonly perceived that large-scale degradation of Otjimbingwe has occurred due to a mixture of improper pastoral practices and pressures induced by a high human population growth rate. We sought to determine whether the inhabitants perceived land degradation to have taken place and whether their perceptions were consistent with empirical data on environmental quality. Furthermore, we wished to determine whether these pastoralists had management strategies to help them withstand the harsh environmental conditions in which they live. All respondents in our surveys perceived that the environment had become degraded. The claimed source of this degradation, a decline in annual rainfall, is inconsistent with long-term rainfall records (there was neither change nor cyclicity in rainfall over time). There is also little evidence of a decline in plant cover and soil quality in spite of the very high stocking densities. No overall pastoral strategy exists in Otjimbingwe. Options for management are extremely limited due to a variety of external and internal pressures such as a high human population growth rate, high immigration into Otjimbingwe, restricted water availability due to dams constructed upstream, and limited movement opportunities for livestock in drought periods.  相似文献   

静力触探在复合地基质量检测中的应用     

杨生龙  邱本仁  徐永利 《陕西地质》2000,18(1):69-74

论述了静力触探 ( CPT)技术在黄土地区对人工复合地基承载力的确定 ,以及静力触探曲线特征与灰土挤密桩挤密效果的对应关系。  相似文献   

广州市绿地空间布局辨析与政策建议   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

曹鉴燎  苏启林  郑奔  李治洪 《热带地理》2000,20(3):170-174

分析广州绿地空间布局现状特征,指出广州市应立足于现有的绿地资源,作出统一、科学的符合“市情”的生态规划,并指出广州绿地空间布局过于依赖白云山和海珠果园保护区做法的不足之处,提出建设广州市“生态走廊”的政策建议。  相似文献   

Experimental investigation of Ostwald-ripening rates of forsterite in the haplobasaltic system     

Youngdo Park  Ben Hanson 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1999,90(1-2)

The rate of Ostwald ripening of forsterite is experimentally measured in a haplobasaltic melt (SiO₂–Al₂O₃–CaO–MgO). The goal of the experiments is to determine if the rate of Ostwald ripening is sufficient to affect textural development in crystallizing magmas of a basaltic composition. With preequilibrated charges, experiments were run isothermally so that all textural changes could be ascribed to Ostwald ripening. An increase of crystal size from 3.5 μm to 14 μm (in average) has been observed during 10 days. Glass compositions were identical in all charges, indicating that the observed increase in average crystal size is not the results of chemical disequilibrium but the results of Ostwald ripening. Due to the constraints on experimental duration, the rate-limiting process (i.e., diffusion control or reaction control) could not be determined. Our experimental results, however, demonstrate that the rate of Ostwald ripening in basaltic rocks is sufficient to be of fundamental importance in the development of textures in igneous rocks. These results strongly suggest that Ostwald ripening, as well as nucleation and crystal growth, should be considered in analyses of textures in igneous rocks.  相似文献   

Evaluation and rehabilitation of dam seepage problems. A case study: Kafrein dam   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Abdallah I. Husein Malkawi  Mohanned Al-Sheriadeh 《Engineering Geology》2000,56(3-4):335-345

The intention of this study is to locate the probable sources of the Kafrein dam seepage problem. A methodology known as excitation-response analysis will be considered. Analytical expressions, depicting the groundwater level response in the underlying aquifer as a result of changes in the reservoir water level, were derived from a linearized groundwater flow equation for one-dimensional semi-infinite, isotropic and homogeneous porous media. The results revealed that a large proportion of the seepage water originates from a site at a distance about 1 km from the observation point M1 and streamlines along the existing faults. Emphasis in this work was also placed on controling and mitigating the seepage problem.  相似文献   

黄铁矿LA-ICP-MS微量元素特征：对青海锡铁山矿床成因的启示     

姚希柱  杨涛  朱志勇  党奔  丰志杰  吴昌志 《高校地质学报》1997,25(6):888

锡铁山铅锌矿床位于柴达木盆地北缘，主要呈层状、脉状及不规则状三类矿体产于绿片岩相的片岩、大理岩及其过渡带中。赋矿围岩的原岩主要为晚奥陶世滩间山群的浅海相基性—酸性火山-沉积岩。前人对该矿床的成因类型存在SEDEX、VMS 和变质叠加的喷流沉积矿床等诸多争议。根据矿石宏观特征和显微组构，文章将锡铁山矿床中层状矿体中的黄铁矿分为胶黄铁矿（Py-I）、他形黄铁矿（Py-II） 和半自形—自形黄铁矿（Py-III） 3 种类型，分别代表了原始沉积型黄铁矿、低程度重结晶黄铁矿和高度重结晶的黄铁矿。使用激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（LA-ICP-MS） 分别对这三种类型黄铁矿进行了微量元素的测试，结果表明三者间具有明显的差异。Py-I 中富含Cu、Pb、Zn、Co、Ni 等成矿元素，Co/Ni比值大于1，并具有相对平滑的时间-空间信号曲线。这表明Ni、Co、As 可能以固溶体形式赋存于Py-I 晶格之中，Cu、Pb、Zn 等元素可能以纳米级矿物微粒存在于Py-I 晶格缺陷中。Py-II 中微量元素含量变化较大，明显低于Py-I，LA-ICP-MS 时间-空间信号曲线表现为多个“尖峰”，暗示着这些元素以微米级矿物包裹体形成存在。Py-III 中微量元素含量极低，甚至低于检测限，除了个别测试点以外。根据上述元素的赋存状态和组构特征，笔者认为Py-I 是火山活动海底喷流沉积过程中形成的，Py-II 和Py-III 则是由Py-I 经后期不同程度的成岩和变质重结晶作用而形成的产物。结合近年来锡铁山矿床赋矿围岩岩相学、锆石U-Pb 年代学、地球化学和构造背景的研究结果，此次研究认为锡铁山矿床应属于VMS 型块状硫化物矿床，在成矿后的造山运动过程中经历了显著的矿体变质和成矿元素再活化作用。  相似文献   

Building a case against economic development     

Lakshman Yapa  Ben Wisner  Henry R. Luce 《GeoJournal》1995,35(2):105-118

Although development is widely held to be the solution to poverty in the Third World, a case can be made that it is a part of the problem. It is commonly believed that development eradicates poverty through increased production of goods and services, but the past history of that activity also contains an unacknowledged history of socially-constructed scarcity. Poverty is a form of development-induced scarcity caused by the playing out of production relations located within a nexus of interacting technical, social, political, cultural, ecological, and academic relations. In that sense poverty is caused by multiple forces acting within a discursive materialist formation. We have used an analytical framework called the nexus of production relations to elucidate these ideas. This framework also suggests that the opportunities available to the poor for meeting their needs are far more varied and numerous than theories of economic development would have us believe.  相似文献   

养殖对虾细菌性红体病的初步研究   总被引：22，自引：2，他引：22       下载免费PDF全文

周永灿  张本  陈雪芬  钱家英 《海洋科学》2003,27(5):61-65

从海南琼山患红体病的养殖南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)的肝胰脏和肌肉中分离出2株细菌，经纯化培养后的人工感染结果表明，该2株菌均为引起对虾红体病的细菌性病原菌；根据对这2株菌的形态及生理生化特征检测结果，确定这2株菌分别为溶藻弧菌(Vibrioalginolyticus)和副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)。药敏试验表明，氮霉素、链霉素和庆大霉素等7种抗生素对抑制这2种致病菌具有良好作用。  相似文献   

An historical account of Brazilian public policy on fisheries subsidies     

Patrízia R. Abdallah  Ussif R. Sumaila 《Marine Policy》2007

This paper presents a historical account of Brazilian public policy on fisheries subsidies, and a discussion of problems and limitations resulting from such policy. From the 1960s to the mid-1980s, public policies led to a great increase in fisheries catch without appropriate consideration for the long-term sustainability of the resources, resulting in declining catches over the years. The goals of current Brazilian public policy on fisheries will not help in reducing overexploitation. This is because these policies are too optimistic about the abundance of fish in Brazil's EEZ, and are not accompanied by a fisheries management plan that is likely to work.  相似文献