Marine debris review for Latin America and the wider Caribbean region: from the 1970s until now, and where do we go from here?   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Ivar do Sul JA  Costa MF 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(8):1087-1104

The available literature on marine debris from Latin America and the Wider Caribbean Region was collected and linked, reviewing their methodologies and principal results (quantities, composition and spatial-temporal patterns). The study region comprises 52 coastal countries of which only 14 had registers of works on marine debris. A total of 70 works were available and 69 had their full contents accessed. Brazil dominated the available literature with 70% of the documents. Beaches were the most studied environment, and plastics the prevalent form of contamination in the whole region. The exposure of marine biota (species, type of contact, consequences) was highlighted. The studied region, although still little exploited by this sort of research, shows the same contamination patterns observed world-wide. We also contacted 40 researchers in the area, collecting scientific contributions, opinions and suggestions for improvement of this research field. Further advances and new (urgently needed) lines of research are also discussed.  相似文献   

Permian volcanic rocks from the Apuseni Mountains (Romania): Geochemistry and tectonic constraints     

Ionel Nicolae  Ioan Seghedi  Iuliu Boboş  Maria do Rosário Azevedo  Sara Ribeiro  Mihai Tatu 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2014

An Early Permian volcanic assemblage is well exposed in the central-western part of the Apuseni Mountains (Romania). The rocks are represented by rhyolites, basalts and subordinate andesites suggesting a bimodal volcanic activity that is intimately associated with a post-orogenic (Variscan) syn-sedimentary intra-basinal continental molasse sequences. The mafic and mafic-intermediate rocks belong to sub-alkaline tholeiitic series were separated in three groups (I–III) showing a high Th and Pb abundances, depletion in Nb, Ta and Sr, and slightly enriched in LREE patterns (La_N/Yb_N = 1.4–4.4). Isotopically, the rocks of Group I have the initial ratios ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) = 0.709351–0.707112, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_(i) = 0.512490–0.512588 and high positive ?_Nd270 values from 3.9 to 5.80; the rocks of Group II present for the initial ratios values ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) = 0.709434–0.710092, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_(i) = 0.512231–0.512210 and for ?_Nd270 the negative values from −1.17 to −1.56; the rocks of Group III display for the initial ratios the values ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) = 0.710751–0.709448, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_(i) = 0.512347–0.512411 and for ?_Nd270 the positive values from 1.64 to 2.35. The rocks resembling continental tholeiites, suggest a mantle origin and were further affected by fractionation and crustal contamination. In addition, the REE geochemistry (1 > Sm_N/Yb_N < 2.5; 0.9 > La_N/Sm_N < 2.5) suggests that these rocks were generated by high percentage partial melting of a metasomatized mantle in the garnet peridotite facies. The felsic rocks are enriched in Cs, Rb Th and U and depleted in Nb, Ta, Sr, Eu, and Ti. The REE fractionation patterns show a strong negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.23–0.40). The felsic rocks show the initial ratios the values: ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) = 0.704096–0.707805, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_(i) = 0.512012–0.512021 and for ?_Nd270 the negative values from −5.27 to −5.44. They suggest to be generated within the lower crust during the emplacement of mantle-derived magmas that provided necessary heat to crustal partial melting.  相似文献   

Here, there and everywhere. Small plastic fragments and pellets on beaches of Fernando de Noronha (Equatorial Western Atlantic)     

Juliana A. Ivar do Sul  Ângela Spengler  Monica F. Costa 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(8):1236-1238

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On the Use of Random Material in Dam Cores: Case of the Manso Dam,Brazil     

Ferreira  Breno S.  Almeida  Marcio S. S.  Lopes  Francisco R.  Reis Cavalcanti  Maria do Carmo  Pires Filho  Celso José 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2022,40(4):1973-1987

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The Manso Dam, in the Brazilian State of Mato Grosso, intended for flood control and electricity generation, was built by a state-owned energy company in...  相似文献   

Groundwater behaviour in Madeira, volcanic island (Portugal)     

Susana Nascimento Prada  Manuel Oliveira da Silva  José Virgílio Cruz 《Hydrogeology Journal》2005,13(5-6):800-812

Madeira Island is a hot-spot originating from a mantle plume. K-Ar age determinations indicate that the emerged part of the island was generated during Post-Miocene times 6000–7000 years B.P. Groundwater occurs in perched-water bodies, spring discharge from them is high, about 3,650 l/s; in dike-impounded water and basal groundwater. Basal groundwater is exploited by tunnels (1,100 l/s) and wells (1,100 l/s). Hydraulic gradients range from 10^–4 to 10^–2 and transmissivity ranges from 1.16×10^–2 to 2.89×10^–1 m²/s, indicating the heterogeneity of the volcanic aquifers. Water mineralisation is variable, and electrical conductivity ranges from 50 to 3,300 S/cm. There is a difference between groundwater discharging from perched-water bodies (43–201 S/cm) and from basal groundwater (109–3,300 S/cm). Groundwater average pH is 7.37, with waters acid to slightly alkaline (6.13–8.4), and generally cold. Nevertheless, a few samples associated with fault zones can be classified as thermal waters.

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Resumen La Isla de Madeira tuvo origen en un punto caliente proveniente de una pluma del manto. Las dataciones K – Ar, indican que la parte emergida de la isla se formó durante en Post—Mioceno, hace unos 6000–7000 años. El agua subterránea se encuentra en acuíferos colgados, cuya descarga a través de manantiales es alta, alrededor de 3650 l/s; también como agua retenida en diques o bien como agua subterránea propiamente dicha. Esta última es explotada por túneles (1100 l/s) y pozos (1100 l/s). Los gradientes hidráulicos varían desde 10–4 hasta 10–2 y la transmisividad varía desde 1.16×10^–2 hasta 2.89×10^–1 m²/s, indicando la heterogeneidad de los acuíferos volcánicos. La mineralización de agua es variable y la conductividad eléctrica varía desde 50 mS/cm hasta 3300 mS/cm. Hay una diferencia entre el agua subterránea proveniente de acuíferos colgados (43–201 mS/cm) y aquella del acuífero principal (109–3300 mS/cm). El pH promedio para el agua subterránea es 7.37; con variación desde ácida hasta ligeramente alcalina (6.13–8.4), y es generalmente fría. Sin embargo unos pocos ejemplos asociados con zonas de falla, pueden ser clasificados como agua termal.

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Résumé Lîle de Madeira est un point chaud, provenant dun panache mantélique. Les datations par la méthode de K-Ar indiquent que la part émergée de lîle a été générée pendant le Post Miocène, il y a 6000–7000 ans. Les eaux souterraines sont cantonnées dans des aquifères perchées qui se déchargent par des sources à grands débits, avec des valeurs dapproximativement de 3500 l/s, ainsi que dans les dikes. Une importante quantité des eaux souterraine se trouve sur la forme deau de fonds, formant une nappe basale, qui est exploitée par des tunnels (1100 l/s) et par des puits (1100 l/s). Les gradients hydrauliques ont des valeurs dans lintervalle de 10^–2 à 10^–4, tandis que les transmissivités se rangent entre 1.16×10^–2 m²/s et 2.81×10^–1 m²/s, ce quindique la hétérogénéité de laquifère volcanique. La minéralisation des eaux est aussi variable avec des conductivités électriques qui se rangent ente 50 mS/cm et 3300 mS/cm. Il y a une différence entre la conductivité des eaux provenant des aquifères perchées (30–201 mS/cm) par rapport à la conductivité les eaux de la nappe basale (109–3300 mS/cm). Le pH moyen est de 7.37 avec des valeurs de 6.13 pour les eaux acides et de 8.4 pour les eaux à faible alcalinité. En général il sagit des eaux froides, mais quelques échantillons provenant des zones faillées peuvent être classifiés comme des eaux thermales.

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Interannual variability in glacier contribution to runoff from a high‐elevation Andean catchment: understanding the role of debris cover in glacier hydrology     

Flavia Burger  Alvaro Ayala  David Farias  Thomas E. Shaw  Shelley MacDonell  Ben Brock  James McPhee  Francesca Pellicciotti 《水文研究》2019,33(2):214-229

We present a field‐data rich modelling analysis to reconstruct the climatic forcing, glacier response, and runoff generation from a high‐elevation catchment in central Chile over the period 2000–2015 to provide insights into the differing contributions of debris‐covered and debris‐free glaciers under current and future changing climatic conditions. Model simulations with the physically based glacio‐hydrological model TOPKAPI‐ETH reveal a period of neutral or slightly positive mass balance between 2000 and 2010, followed by a transition to increasingly large annual mass losses, associated with a recent mega drought. Mass losses commence earlier, and are more severe, for a heavily debris‐covered glacier, most likely due to its strong dependence on snow avalanche accumulation, which has declined in recent years. Catchment runoff shows a marked decreasing trend over the study period, but with high interannual variability directly linked to winter snow accumulation, and high contribution from ice melt in dry periods and drought conditions. The study demonstrates the importance of incorporating local‐scale processes such as snow avalanche accumulation and spatially variable debris thickness, in understanding the responses of different glacier types to climate change. We highlight the increased dependency of runoff from high Andean catchments on the diminishing resource of glacier ice during dry years.  相似文献   

Urban forest loss using a GIS-based approach and instruments for integrated urban planning:A case study of Jo(a)o Pessoa,Brazil     

Leandro Ismael de Azevedo LACERDA  José Augusto Ribeiro da SILVEIRA  Celso Augusto Guimar 《地理学报(英文版)》2021,31(10):1529-1552

Urban forests play an important role in the thermal comfort and overall life of local populations in large-and medium-sized cities.This study analyzes urban forest loss and maps land use and land cover (LULC) changes between 1991 and 2018 by evaluating the use of urban planning instruments for the mitigation of urban forest loss in Jo～o Pessoa,Brazil.For this purpose,satellite-derived LULC images from 1991,2006,2010 and 2018 and data on urban forest loss areas obtained using the Google Earth Engine were used.In addi-tion,this paper also discusses the instruments used for integrated urban planning,which are(a) the legal sector,responsibility and nature;(b) the urban expansion process;and (c) the elements of urban infrastructure.The results show a clear shift in land use in the study area.The major changes in LULC classes occurred in urban areas and herbaceous vegetation,while the greatest loss was in arboreal/shrub vegetation.Thus,an increase in the pressure to occupy zones intended for environmental preservation could be estimated.Our results showed similar accuracies with other studies and more spatial details.The characteristics of the patterns,traces,and hotspots of urban expansion and forest cover loss were explored.We highlighted the potential use of this proposed framework to be applied and validated in other parts of the world to help better understand and quantify various aspects of ur-ban-related problems such as urban forest loss mapping using instruments for integrated urban planning and low-cost approaches.  相似文献   

Modeling the environmental susceptibility of landfill sites in California     

Victor Fernandez Nascimento  Nazli Yesiller  Keith C Clarke  Jean Pierre Henry Balbaud Ometto  Pedro R. Andrade  Anahi Chimini Sobral 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2017,54(5):657-677

??The proper management of solid waste (SW) is a global environmental challenge. A major issue is the proper disposal of SW while balancing a wide range of criteria and working with different spatial data. In this study, we used geographic information system as a tool to perform multi-criteria decision analysis with an analytical hierarchy process to develop an environmental impact susceptibility model (EISM) for landfills. The model was applied to the state of California, USA and results are presented herein. In particular, the EISM considers factors such as geology, pedology, geomorphology, water resources, and climate as represented by 13 associated environmental indicators. The results of the EISM indicate that more than 75% of California’s territory is situated in areas with very low, low, and medium environmental impact susceptibility categories. However, in the remaining 25% of the state’s land, 61 landfills are located in the high and very high categories. These results are alarming because during the period from 2000 to 2015, these 61 landfills received approximately 308 million tons of SW, which corresponds to more than 57% of all SW disposed in California. The model results can be used toward mitigating the environmental impacts of these facilities.  相似文献   

Taxonomic revision of Cylindroporella ? lusitanica Ramalho, 1970: In search for the origins of the Family Dasycladaceae          下载免费PDF全文

Bruno R. C. Granier  Ana C. Azerêdo  Miguel M. Ramalho 《Island Arc》2017,26(3)

A study of new material of Cylindroporella ? lusitanica Ramalho, 1970, from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) strata of Portugal identified features not observed previously. This includes the pattern of its laterals, including the gametophores. The algal body plan is unique and justifies the taxonomic reassessment of this species and the introduction of Barattoloporellopsis n. gen. Furthermore this species is most likely a primitive Dasycladaceae, a “missing link” between the modern ones (starting from the Cretaceous times) and their Jurassic ancestors.  相似文献   

Soil contamination by metals with high ecological risk in urban and rural areas     

F. B. V. da Silva  C. W. A. do Nascimento  P. R. M. Araújo  F. L. da Silva  L. H. V. Lima 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2017,14(3):553-562

Industrial development, intensive agriculture and fast urbanization have caused the metal contents of soils to increase to many times the allowable limits. To assess this impact on urban and rural soils, we quantified the Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn contents of 258 soil samples from the Recife metropolitan region (RMR). The objectives of the study were to estimate the probability of ecological risk, to determine the spatial pattern of the metals’ accumulation in the soil and to identify potential sources for the metals using a multivariate geostatistical approach. Mean concentrations of Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cd in soils were 65.2, 17.9, 16.5, 12.8, 6.3 and 1.5 mg kg^?1, respectively. The results demonstrated that the Cd was anthropogenic in origin, the Cr and Ni were lithogenic (natural) in origin and the Cu, Pb and Zn were mixed in origin. Cd contaminated 91% of the samples; the median content of Cd (1.4 mg kg^?1) was three times the quality reference value for soil. The Cd contents of sugarcane fields exceeded the allowable limit (3.0 mg kg^?1) for agricultural areas. The spatial variability of the metals in the RMR showed that metallurgy, cement production, vehicle exhaust and vehicular traffic were the main sources of metals in urban areas, while phosphate-based fertilizers were the main sources in rural areas. More than 80% of the metropolitan region surveyed in the study was at moderate to high ecological risk.  相似文献