Cyclic Changes along Posidonia oceanica Rhizomes (Lepidochronology): Present State and Perspectives     

Gérard Pergent  Charles-François Boudouresque  Alain Crouzet  Alexandre Meinesz 《Marine Ecology》1989,10(3):221-230

Abstract. Leaf sheaths in the seagrass Posidonia oceanica can persist for millcnia and they show, according to their insertion rank, cyclic variations in parameters such as thickness and tissue structure. The principal cycles are always annual, but pluriannual cycles can also be detected. Annual cycles may be changed by environmental parameters such as light, temperature, or water movement. In a fashion analogous to the study of annual tree rings (dendrochronology), the study of cyclic changes in Posidonia oceanica sheaths is thus a technique allowing the study of past yearly changes in the near-shore environment.  相似文献   

Comparison of the Ku-Band Range Noise Level and the Relative Sea-State Bias of the Jason-1, TOPEX, and Poseidon-1 Radar Altimeters     

O. Z. Zanif  P. Vincent  L. Amarouche  J. P. Dumont  P. Thibaut  S. Labroue 《Marine Geodesy》2003,26(3):201-238

TOPEX/Poseidon is a well known success, with the operational altimeter (TOPEX) and the experimental one (Poseidon-1), providing data of unprecedented quality. However, there are two major differences between the TOPEX and Poseidon-1 radar altimeters on board TOPEX/Poseidon. The first is related to the estimated range noise; the second is linked to the sea-state bias (SSB) model estimates. Since the recent launch of the Jason-1 radar altimeter (also called Poseidon-2), we have been cross-comparing these three systems to better characterize each of them. Analyzing standard user products, we have found that Jason-1 is behaving like Poseidon-1 and thus shows the same observed differences when compared with TOPEX. A comparative analysis of their features was performed, starting from the on-board acquisition of the ocean return and ending with the ground generation of the high level accuracy oceanographic product. The results lead us to believe that the sources for these differences lie in both the waveform tracking processing and the presence or abscence of a retracking procedure whether on-board or on ground. Because Poseidon-1 and Jason-1 waveforms are retracked while TOPEX waveforms are not in the products distributed to the users, we have applied the same ground retracking algorithm to the waveforms of the three radar altimeters to get consistent data sets. The analysis of the outputs has shown that: (a) the noise level for the three radar altimeters is definitively the same, and (b) the source of the relative SSB between Jason-1 and TOPEX lies in the different behavior of the on-board tracking softwares.  相似文献   

Surface reactivity of the Rhône suspended matter and relation with trace element sorption     

Jean-Marie Gamier  Jean-Marie Martin  Jean-Marie Mouchel  Alain J. Thomas 《Marine Chemistry》1991,36(1-4)

The reactivity of the Rhône estuarine suspended matter is investigated through three operational parameters: the heat of immersion in water (HI), the ammonium saturation index (ASI) and the specific surface area (SSA). The two former parameters are highly correlated for samples collected both in surface river water and in its plume water and in a deeper nepheloid layer. Using both ASI and HI theoretical contributions of each main individual suspended matter component, it is shown that actual and calculated HI values are in agreement, whereas measured ASI values are significantly lower than those calculated. Surface normalization of these reactive properties is discussed on the basis of the SSA measured by the (BET) N2 adsorption. This evaluation, on freeze-dried suspended matter, appears to underestimate the actual particulate reactive surface area in the natural environment; indeed, it is shown that the ammonium ion surfacial density obtained from ASI and SSA data is unrealistically high.To verify that HI and ASI may be considered as criteria for the surface potential reactivity of particles, it has been attempted to relate these parameters and the extent of sorption of radioactive tracer, which is either discharged in the Rhone river or introduced in a batch experiment. Relationships between both ASI and HI and the content of ⁵⁴Mn, ⁶⁰Co, ⁶⁵Zn, ¹⁰⁹Cd and ¹³⁷Cs, which are established for some of them, suggest that HI and ASI are useful indicators of particulate affinity for certain metals.  相似文献   

Jason-1 global statistical evaluation and performance assessment: Calibration and cross-calibration results   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. Dorandeu  M. Ablain  Y. Faug  re  F. Mertz  B. Soussi  P. Vincent 《Marine Geodesy》2004,27(3):345-372

Since Jason-1launch, extensive validation of Jason-1 data and cross-calibration relative to TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) have been performed by the CLS validation team within the CNES Jason-1 project. These validation activities are routinely operated as part of the Jason-1 ground segment, and often lead to in-depth studies to understand all validation conclusions. This paper presents the main results in terms of Jason-1 data quality: verification of data availability and validity, monitoring of the most relevant altimeter and radiometer parameters, assessment of the Jason-1 altimeter system performances. From global statistical analysis of more than 2 years of Jason-1 GDR data, results for all components of the altimeter measurement are derived in terms of bias, trend and precision. This work also represents a contribution to the estimation of the Jason-1 error budget. Thorough studies have been more focused on specific issues in relation to data quality: this is the case for the analysis of the high frequency content of the Jason-1 data and its impact on the T/P to Jason-1 comparison. From the results presented in this paper, it is demonstrated that the Jason-1 mission fulfils the requirements of high precision altimetry. In particular, it allows continuing the observation of the Mean Sea Level (MSL) variations at the same accuracy as T/P, which was one of the challenges of the Jason-1 mission. Potential improvements and open issues are also identified, with the objective of still making progress in terms of altimeter data quality.  相似文献   

Temperature dependence of CO₂ fugacity in seawater     

Catherine Goyet  Frank J. Millero  Alain Poisson  Deborah K. Shafer 《Marine Chemistry》1993,44(2-4)

Ideally, the correction of the measured CO₂ fugacity (fCO₂) at temperature T_m to fCO₂ at the in-situ temperature T_in should be made by using at least 2 known parameters (pH-A_T, C_T-A_T,…) and the reliable constants for carbonic acid. In practice however, a measured CO₂ property pair is not always available. When fCO₂ is measured alone, one must make an estimate of the effect of temperature on seawater fCO₂ from the accurate knowledge of seawater salinity and temperature and the approximate knowledge of the carbonate parameters. In this paper we present an empirical relationship that can be used to estimate the effect of temperature on fCO₂. The equation is of the form: where fCO_2[t] and fCO_2[20] represent fCO₂ at temperatures t°C and 20°C, respectively; the parameters A, B, etc. are functions of the ratio X = C_T/A_T: where the parameters a_i, b_i, etc. are functions of salinity.The 25-parameter equation is fitted by the values of fCO₂ calculated using the constants of Goyet and Poisson (1989), when X varies from 0.8 to 1.0, t varies from −1dgC to 40°C, and S varies from 30 to 40. For T_m - T_in within ± 10°C, direct measurements of fCO₂ as a function of the temperature (from −I to 30°C verify this equation within less than ±5 μatm.  相似文献   

Multi-objective assessment of conservation measures for the European eel (Anguilla anguilla): an application to the Camargue lagoons     

Bevacqua  Daniele; Melia  Paco; Crivelli  Alain J.; Gatto  Marino; De Leo  Giulio A. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2007,64(7):1483-1490

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URBAN SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND THE PROPERTIES OF THE SIMPLICIAL GRAPH     

Peter Vincent  Jean Haworth  John Griffiths  Bob Collins 《The Professional geographer》1977,29(1):21-25

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An auroral enhancement of O₂λ1.27-μm emission     

Doran J. Baker  William R. Pendleton  Gerald J. Romick  Vincent B. Wickwar  Murray I. Baron 《Planetary and Space Science》1978,26(7):619-634

The ground-level zenith radiance of the atmospheric emission at λ1.27 μm was radiometrically observed to increase by a factor of approximately two with the onset of an IBC III⁺ auroral breakup above Chatanika, Alaska, on 10 March 1975. Time-resolved optical spectra clearly show that the slow component of the enhancement is associated with the (0,0) band of the infrared atmospheric system of O₂. Photometric and incoherent scatter radar data are used to define the energy-deposition profile and the absolute energy flux for the event. The magnitude of the O₂λ1.27-μm enhancement compares favourably with the predictions of an auroral excitation model which includes only secondary-electron excitation of molecular oxygen in the O₂(a¹Δ_g) source term.  相似文献   

Abundance of organic compounds photochemically produced in the atmospheres of the outer planets     

François Raulin  Alain Bossard  Gérard Toupance  Cyril Ponnamperuma 《Icarus》1979,38(3):358-366

Organic photochemical syntheses in the Jovian atmosphere were simulated by irradiating, at 147 nm, gaseous mixtures of methane and ammonia with varying quantities of hydrogen. An excess of H₂ did not eliminate organic synthesis but did affect the yields quantitatively and qualitatively.  相似文献   

Rebuttal to “The case of the Biscayne Bay and aquifer near Miami,Florida: density-driven flow of seawater or gravitationally driven discharge of deep saline groundwater?” by Weyer (Environ Earth Sci 2018, 77:1–16)     

Alden M. Provost  Adrian D. Werner  Vincent E. A. Post  Holly A. Michael  Christian D. Langevin 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(19):710

A recent paper by Weyer (Environ Earth Sci 2018, 77:1–16) challenges the widely accepted interpretation of groundwater heads and salinities in the coastal Biscayne aquifer near Miami, Florida, USA. Weyer (2018) suggests that the body of saltwater that underlies fresh groundwater just inland of the coast is not a recirculating wedge of seawater, but results instead from upward migration of deep saline groundwater driven by regional flow. Perhaps more significantly, Weyer (2018) also asserts that established hydrologic theory is fundamentally incorrect with respect to buoyancy. Instead of acting along the direction of gravity (that is, vertically), Weyer (2018) claims, buoyancy acts instead along the direction of the pressure gradient. As a result, Weyer (2018) considers currently available density-dependent groundwater flow and transport modeling codes, and the analyses based on them, to be in error. In this rebuttal, we clarify the inaccuracies in the main points of Weyer’s (2018) paper. First, we explain that Weyer (2018) has misinterpreted observed equivalent freshwater heads in the Biscayne aquifer and that his alternative hypothesis concerning the source of the saltwater does not explain the observed salinities. Then, we review the established theory of buoyancy to identify the problem with Weyer’s (2018) alternative theory. Finally, we present theory and cite successful benchmark simulations to affirm the suitability of currently available codes for modeling density-dependent groundwater flow and transport.  相似文献