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361.
362.
Alexandre Pryet James Ramm Jean-Paul Chilès Esben Auken Benoit Deffontaines Sophie Violette 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2011,75(2):277-283
We develop a technique allowing 3D gridding of large sets of 1D resistivity models obtained after inversion of extensive airborne EM surveys. The method is based on the assumption of a layered-earth model. 2D kriging is used for interpolation of geophysical model parameters and their corresponding uncertainties. The 3D grid is created from the interpolated data, its structure accurately follows the geophysical model, providing a lightweight file for a good rendering. Propagation of errors is tracked through the quantification of uncertainties from both inversion and interpolation procedures. The 3D grid is exported to a portable standard, which allows flexible visualization and volumetric computations, and improves interpretation. The method is validated and illustrated by a case-study on Santa Cruz Island, in the Galapagos Archipelago. 相似文献
363.
On 16 October 1979, a tsunami of a local origin hits the French Riviera around Nice, France, killing 8 people and generating
important economic losses. Its impact was felt from Hyères to Menton, France. The main effect of this tsunami was flooding
in the neighborhoods of La Salis and La Garoupe, Antibes, France. A synthesis of unpublished reports written in the context
of an administrative investigation was conducted. Various archives were also consulted (newspapers, fire and rescue unit reports,
insurance reports, etc.), and a field survey was organized in 2009 to record testimonies from the inhabitants who witnessed
the flood in La Salis, Antibes, the area where the effects of the tsunami were the greatest. A geo-database of the neighborhood
of La Salis was built using available aerial imagery, land cover data and digital terrain models, to reconstruct the surface
of the flooded area as it was in 1979 and as it is now. Comparing precise testimonies and the 1979 topographic information
available allowed the authors to precisely map the flood and to deduce the runup values which reached 3.5 m locally, with
a maximal distance of flooding of 150 m inland. This paper provides modelers with precious information about the extent of
flooding and the time sequence in order to reconstitute the propagation and flooding of the 16 October 1979 tsunami. This
information highlights the fact that the French Riviera is a low hazard, but high vulnerability area. 相似文献
364.
Senecio Schefer Vladica Cvetković Bernhard Fügenschuh Alexandre Kounov Maria Ovtcharova Urs Schaltegger Stefan M. Schmid 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(5):1181-1206
Two age groups were determined for the Cenozoic granitoids in the Dinarides of southern Serbia by high-precision single grain
U–Pb dating of thermally annealed and chemically abraded zircons: (1) Oligocene ages (Kopaonik, Drenje, Željin) ranging from
31.7 to 30.6 Ma (2) Miocene ages (Golija and Polumir) at 20.58–20.17 and 18.06–17.74 Ma, respectively. Apatite fission-track
central ages, modelling combined with zircon central ages and additionally, local structural observations constrain the subsequent
exhumation history of the magmatic rocks. They indicate rapid cooling from above 300°C to ca. 80°C between 16 and 10 Ma for
both age groups, induced by extensional exhumation of the plutons located in the footwall of core complexes. Hence, Miocene
magmatism and core-complex formation not only affected the Pannonian basin but also a part of the mountainous areas of the
internal Dinarides. Based on an extensive set of existing age data combined with our own analyses, we propose a geodynamical
model for the Balkan Peninsula: The Late Eocene to Oligocene magmatism, which affects the Adria-derived lower plate units
of the internal Dinarides, was caused by delamination of the Adriatic mantle from the overlying crust, associated with post-collisional
convergence that propagated outward into the external Dinarides. Miocene magmatism, on the other hand, is associated with
core-complex formation along the southern margin of the Pannonian basin, probably associated with the W-directed subduction
of the European lithosphere beneath the Carpathians and interfering with ongoing Dinaridic–Hellenic back-arc extension. 相似文献
365.
Bruno-Charles Busseau Alain Royer Alexandre Roy Alexandre Langlois Florent Domine 《自然地理学》2017,38(2):159-175
AbstractRecent studies have shown that northern vegetation has been growing in relation to a warming climate over the last four decades, especially across the transition zone between tundra and taiga. Shrub growth affects snow properties and the surface energy budget, which must be better studied to quantify shrub-snow-climate feedbacks. The objective of this research is to improve the characterization of the impact of shrubs on snow evolution, from its accumulation to its melt, using in-situ and satellite measurements. The research is presented for the Umiujaq site, Nunavik, representative of the low Arctic–Subarctic transition zone. Snow depth, measured along numerous transects spanning different land cover types is found to increase by a factor 2.5–3 between tundra and forest, while snow density decreases. This illustrates the trapping effect of vegetation well. Complementary, continuous snow depth measurements using weather stations from two sites (tundra with low shrubs and a small clearing with shrubs within the forest) show different site-dependent behaviors. Spatial analysis from high-resolution Pleiades images combined with Landsat (Normalized Difference Snow Index) and MODIS (Fractional Snow Cover) images suggest a slight delay in melt over open and dense forest areas compared to tundra and dense high shrubs. 相似文献
366.
AbstractAs interest in outdoor activities in remote areas is increasing, there is a strong need for improved avalanche forecasting at the regional scale. Due to important logistical and safety matters, avalanche terrain measurements (avalanche observations, snowpack profiles, and stability tests) are not always possible for practitioners/forecasters. An interesting alternative would be to analyze the snowpack without these challenges by using snow model outputs. The SNOWPACK model is currently used operationally for avalanche forecasting and research in the Swiss Alps. Thus, this paper presents a summary of analyses that have been conducted to assess the potential of using the SNOWPACK model driven with both in-situ and forecasted meteorological data in three different Canadian climate and geomorphological contexts. A comparison of meteorological data from in-situ and predicted datasets for two winters shows that the GEMLAM weather model is the most accurate for the three climatic contexts of this project, but also showed a bias proportional to precipitation intensity/rate. Snow simulations forced with GEMLAM are the closest to field measurements. Finally, predictions of persistent weak layers have been validated using the InfoEx platform from Avalanche Canada. Crust and surface hoar formation dates agree with the information reported in InfoEx. 相似文献
367.
368.
Alexandre Canitano Ya-Ju Hsu Hsin-Ming Lee Alan T. Linde Selwyn Sacks 《Journal of Geodesy》2017,91(1):1-8
We analyze the high-resolution dilatation data for the October 2013 \(M_w\) 6.2 Ruisui, Taiwan, earthquake, which occurred at a distance of 15–20 km away from a Sacks–Evertson dilatometer network. Based on well-constrained source parameters (\(\hbox {strike}=217^\circ \), \(\hbox {dip}=48^\circ \), \(\hbox {rake}=49^\circ \)), we propose a simple rupture model that explains the permanent static deformation and the dynamic vibrations at short period (\(\sim \)3.5–4.5 s) for most of the four sites with less than 20 % of discrepancies. This study represents a first attempt of modeling simultaneously the dynamic and static crustal strain using dilatation data. The results illustrate the potential for strain recordings of high-frequency seismic waves in the near-field of an earthquake to add constraints on the properties of seismic sources. 相似文献
369.
Using a WebMapping Platform to Engage Volunteers to Collect Data on Invasive Plants Distribution
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Hélia Marchante Maria Cristina Morais Alexandre Gamela Elizabete Marchante 《Transactions in GIS》2017,21(2):238-252
WebMapping and citizen science are increasing their importance as tools both in science communication and in gathering abundant data. Nevertheless, gathering good and plentiful data from citizens when the scientific theme is unknown to them is a demanding challenge. Invasoras.pt is a science communication endeavor that targets the general public and one of its core elements is a WebMapping platform that intends to engage volunteers to geolocate invasive plants in Portugal. Besides gathering data for scientific research and to support management, the platform raises awareness about invasive plants. The platform has been available since March 2013 and receives data from a smartphone application and a Web application. Validated sightings are shown on an online map. All data is available through a Google Fusion Table and GBIF database (open data logic). Several strategies (interactive contents, printed materials, workshops and social media) were used to overcome the challenges of engaging contributors and making them better skilled to contribute with good data. After two years of steady growth in members (ca. 600) and sightings (>5400) the results are better than expected particularly amongst a population not familiarized with either citizen science or invasive plants. The outcomes of the platform and the efficacy of each strategy are analyzed and the accuracy and usefulness of the data are discussed. 相似文献
370.
Multiple-point statistics are widely used for the simulation of categorical variables because the method allows for integrating a conceptual model via a training image and then simulating complex heterogeneous fields. The multiple-point statistics inferred from the training image can be stored in several ways. The tree structure used in classical implementations has the advantage of being efficient in terms of CPU time, but is very RAM demanding and then implies limitations on the size of the template, which serves to make a proper reproduction of complex structures difficult. Another technique consists in storing the multiple-point statistics in lists. This alternative requires much less memory and allows for a straightforward parallel algorithm. Nevertheless, the list structure does not benefit from the shortcuts given by the branches of the tree for retrieving the multiple-point statistics. Hence, a serial algorithm based on list structure is generally slower than a tree-based algorithm. In this paper, a new approach using both list and tree structures is proposed. The idea is to index the lists by trees of reduced size: the leaves of the tree correspond to distinct sublists that constitute a partition of the entire list. The size of the indexing tree can be controlled, and then the resulting algorithm keeps memory requirements low while efficiency in terms of CPU time is significantly improved. Moreover, this new method benefits from the parallelization of the list approach. 相似文献