Flow kinematics of focused wave groups on a plane beach in the U.K. Coastal Research Facility   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Alistair G.L. Borthwick  Alison C. Hunt  Tong Feng  Paul H. Taylor  Peter K. Stansby   《Coastal Engineering》2006,53(12):1033-1044

Measurements are presented of the water particle kinematics of focused wave groups generated in the U.K. Coastal Research Facility. Single and repeated wave groups are considered at normal and 20° incidence to a 1:20 plane beach. The single focused wave groups model extreme transient events without the complication of reflections during the data acquisition process. A symmetry-based separation of harmonics method is used to interpret the water particle kinematics at the point of focus. Although the largest component is linear, there are also considerable second order kinematics terms (both low frequency and high frequency). Away from the free surface, the 2nd order difference contribution to the kinematics is a return current opposed to the direction of wave advance. For repeated wave groups, the measured kinematics confirms the presence of a low frequency free wave, followed by higher frequency waves of the main group and trailing higher order harmonic waves. In the breaker and surf zones, there is also evidence of the saw-tooth behaviour of broken waves, followed by scatter due to breaker-induced turbulence. Pulsatile wave breaking of repeated wave groups at oblique incidence is found to drive a longshore current.  相似文献   

The photo-oxidations of propyl acetates in synthetic air-HONO-NO x mixtures: Product formation studies and proposed kinetic mechanisms     

J. Alistair Kerr  David W. Stocker 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1986,4(2):263-276

The formation of products following the hydroxyl radical initiated photo-oxidations of n-and isopropyl acetates has been studied. Mixtures of synthetic air containing a few ppm of nitrous acid, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide and one of the propyl acetates were irradiated with sunlamps in a Teflon bag smog chamber. The decay of reactants and the formation of products was monitored by chemiluminescent analysis or by gas chromatography. The major primary products from the photo-oxidation of n-propyl acetate are acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde while from isopropyl acetate they are acetone and methyl nitrate. It was not possible to analyse for formaldehyde, an expected primary product in these systems. The nature and distribution of products indicate that a significant fraction of primary products arise from decomposition reactions of the alkoxy-type radicals generated following the initial attack of hydroxyl radicals on the esters. The derived reaction stoichiometries (molecules of NO oxidised per molecule of ester reacted) are also consistent with the proposed mechanisms.  相似文献   

Metasomatism of a depleted granulite facies terrain in the Arunta Block,central Australia     

Alistair R. Allen 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1979,71(1):85-98

Geochemical investigations in the Utralanama Block, an intermediate pressure granulite facies terrain in the Arunta Block, central Australia, has revealed several anomalous features, not consistent with the depletion of granitophile components generally considered to accompany granulite facies metamorphism. However, other geochemical features are indicative of depletion. The mean K₂O for the Utralanama Block is exceptionally low relative to most other granulite facies terrains, but Rb contents are comparatively high. Consequently, the mean K/Rb ratio is relatively low for granulite facies terrains as is the mean Ba/Rb ratio, whilst mean K/Sr and Rb/Sr ratios are much higher than usual for such terrains. Only the K/Ba ratio shows equivalent values to depleted terrains elsewhere.Comparison of these ratios for the three main compositional groups of rocks in the Utralanama Block reveals that for mafic rocks all the above ratios are characteristic of extreme depletion, whereas, for all but the K/Ba ratio, mean ratios for the pelitic rocks, and to a lesser extent for the quartzofeldspathic rocks approach normal crustal values or values for metasomatic rocks. The abnormally high Rb/Sr ratios of these rocks compared to average crustal rocks suggest, however, that metasomatism is the cause of the anomalous geochemical features of the Utralanama Block, and this is supported by field and microstructural evidence. Thus, Rb/Sr ratios appear to be useful indicators of metasomatism where no gross mineralogical or microstructural evidence for metasomatism is obvious, and under such conditions the K/Ba ratio may be more reliable than the K/Rb ratio for indicating prior depletion of the terrain.  相似文献   

Aqueous fluids and hydrous melts in high-pressure and ultra-high pressure rocks: Implications for element transfer in subduction zones   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

Jrg Hermann  Carl Spandler  Alistair Hack  Andrey V. Korsakov 《Lithos》2006,92(3-4):399-417

High-pressure (HP) and ultra-high pressure (UHP) terranes are excellent natural laboratories to study subduction-zone processes. In this paper we give a brief theoretical background and we review experimental data and observations in natural rocks that constrain the nature and composition of the fluid phase present in HP and UHP rocks. We argue that a fluid buffered by a solid residue is compositionally well defined and is either an aqueous fluid (total amount of dissolved solids < 30 wt.%) or a hydrous melt (H₂O < 35 wt.%). There is only a small temperature range of approximately 50–100 °C, where transitional solute-rich fluids exist. A review of available experimental data suggest that in felsic rocks the second critical endpoint is situated at 25–35 kbar and  700 °C and hence must be considered in the study of UHP rocks. Despite this, the nature of the fluid phase can be constrained by relating the peak metamorphic conditions of rocks to the position of the wet solidus even if the peak pressure exceeds the pressure where the wet solidus terminates at the second critical endpoint. Transitional solute-rich fluids are expected in UHP terrains (P > 30 kbar) with peak temperatures of about 700 ± 50 °C. At higher temperatures, hydrous granitic melts occur whereas at lower temperatures aqueous fluids coexists with eclogite-facies minerals. This argument is complemented by evidence on the nature of the fluid phase from high-pressure terrains. We show that in the diamond-bearing, high-temperature UHP rocks from the Kokchetav Massif there are not only hydrous felsic melts, but probably also carbonate and sulfide melts present.

Hydrous quartzo-feldspathic melts are mainly produced in high temperature UHP rocks and their composition is relatively well constrained from experiments and natural rocks. In contrast, constraining the composition of aqueous fluids is more problematic. The combined evidence from experiments and natural rocks indicates that aqueous fluids liberated at the blueschist to eclogite facies transition are dilute. They contain only moderate amounts of LILE, Sr and Pb and do not transport significant amounts of key trace elements such as LREE, U and Th. This indicates that there is a decoupling of water and trace element release in subducted oceanic crust and that aqueous fluids are unable to enrich the mantle wedge significantly. Instead we propose that fluid-present melting in the sediments on top of the slab is required to transfer significant amounts of trace elements from the slab to the mantle wedge. For such a process to be efficient, top slab temperature must be at least 700–750 °C at sub-arc depth. Slab melting is likely to be triggered by fluids that derive from dehydration of mafic and ultramafic rocks in colder (deeper) portions of the slab.  相似文献   

Visualization of the turbulent flow structure in a gravel-bed river     

Alistair D. Kirkbride  Stuart J. McLelland 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1994,19(9):819-825

A novel technique for visualizing turbulent flow data from a gravel-bed river is presented. The time development of flow velocity and shear stress at three heights is displayed using a computer program. This can be used to observe how the fluctuations of velocity and shear stress interact both spatially and temporally. We highlight examples of flow events which are important for the understanding of flow dynamics. The visualization suggests that the turbulent flow-field is characterized not only by coherence over time at a point, but also by spatial interdependence between points. We suggest that this new visualization approach will assist further interpretation of statistical analyses of turbulent signals, as well as focusing future measurement strategies by providing a clearer spatio-temporal picture of the flow structure.  相似文献   

Seagrass tolerance to herbivory under increased ocean temperatures     

Ruby G. Garthwin  Alistair G.B. Poore  Adriana Vergés 《Marine pollution bulletin》2014

Climate change is acknowledged as a major threat to marine ecosystems, but the effect of temperature on species interactions remains poorly understood. We quantified the effects of long-term warming on plant-herbivore interactions of a dominant seagrass, Zostera muelleri. Growth, herbivory and tolerance to damage were compared between a meadow warmed by the thermal plume from a power station for 30 years (2–3 °C above background temperatures) and three control locations. Leaf growth rates and tissue loss were spatially variable but unrelated to temperature regimes. Natural herbivory was generally low. Simulated herbivory experiments showed that the tolerance of Z. muelleri to defoliation did not differ between warm and unimpacted meadows, with damaged and undamaged plants maintaining similar growth rates irrespective of temperature. These results suggest that the ability of temperate Z. muelleri to tolerate herbivory is not strongly influenced by warming, and this species may be relatively resilient to future environmental change.  相似文献   

Grain-energy release governs mobility of debris flow due to solid–liquid mass release     

Zhixian Cao  Ji Li  Alistair Borthwick  Qingquan Liu  Gareth Pender 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(12):2912-2926

Debris flows often exhibit high mobility, leading to extensive hazards far from their sources. Although it is known that debris flow mobility increases with initial volume, the underlying mechanism remains uncertain. Here, we reconstruct the mobility–volume relation for debris flows using a recent depth-averaged two-phase flow model without evoking a reduced friction coefficient, challenging currently prevailing friction-reduction hypotheses. Physical experimental debris flows driven by solid–liquid mass release and extended numerical cases at both laboratory and field scales are resolved by the model. For the first time, we probe into the energetics of the debris flows and find that, whilst the energy balance holds and fine and coarse grains play distinct roles in debris flow energetics, the grains as a whole release energy to the liquid due to inter-phase and inter-grain size interactions, and this grain-energy release correlates closely with mobility. Despite uncertainty arising from the model closures, our results provide insight into the fundamental mechanisms operating in debris flows. We propose that debris flow mobility is governed by grain-energy release, thereby facilitating a bridge between mobility and internal energy transfer. The initial volume of debris flow is inadequate for characterizing debris flow mobility, and a friction-reduction mechanism is not a prerequisite for the high mobility of debris flows. By contrast, inter-phase and inter-grain size interactions play primary roles and should be incorporated explicitly in debris flow models. Our findings are qualitatively encouraging and physically meaningful, providing implications not only for assessing future debris flow hazards and informing mitigation and adaptation strategies, but also for unravelling a spectrum of earth surface processes including heavily sediment-laden floods, subaqueous debris flows and turbidity currents in rivers, reservoirs, estuaries, and ocean. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Seasonal vegetation and management influence overland flow velocity and roughness in upland grasslands     

Stephanie Bond  Mike J. Kirkby  Jean Johnston  Alistair Crowle  Joseph Holden 《水文研究》2020,34(18):3777-3791

There is considerable interest in how headwater management may influence downstream flood peaks in temperate humid regions. However, there is a dearth of data on flow velocities across headwater hillslopes and limited understanding of whether surface flow velocity is influenced by seasonal changes in roughness through vegetation cycles or management. A portable hillslope flume was used to investigate overland flow velocities for four common headwater grassland habitats in northern England: Low-density Grazing, Hay Meadow, Rank Grassland and Juncus effusus Rush pasture. Overland flow velocity was measured in replicate plots for each habitat, in response to three applied flow rates, with the experiments repeated during five different periods of the annual grassland cycle. Mean annual overland flow velocity was significantly lower for the Rank Grassland habitat (0.026 m/s) followed by Low-density Grazing and Rushes (0.032 and 0.029 m/s), then Hay Meadows (0.041 m/s), which had the greatest mean annual velocity (examples from 12 L/min flow rate). Applying our mean overland flow velocities to a theoretical 100 m hillslope suggests overland flow is delayed by >1 hr on Rank Grassland when compared to Hay Meadows in an 18 mm storm. Thus grassland management is important for slowing overland flow and delaying peak flows across upland headwaters. Surface roughness was also strongly controlled by annual cycles of vegetation growth, decay, grazing and cutting. Winter overland flow velocities were significantly higher than in summer, varying between 0.004 m/s (Rushes, November) and 0.034 m/s (Rushes, June); and velocities significantly increased after cutting varying between 0.006 m/s (Hay meadows, July) and 0.054 m/s (Hay meadows, September). These results show that seasonal vegetation change should be incorporated into flood modelling, as cycles of surface roughness in grasslands strongly modify overland flow, potentially having a large impact on downstream flood peak and timing. Our data also showed that Darcy-Weisbach roughness approximations greatly over-estimated measured flow velocities.  相似文献   

Property speculation,global capital,urban planning and financialisation: Sydney Boom,Sydney Bust redux     

Alistair Sisson  Dallas Rogers  Chris Gibson 《The Australian geographer》2019,50(1):1-9

In this ‘Thinking Space’ essay we revisit Maurie Daly’s 1982 book Sydney Boom, Sydney Bust, fuelled by concern for how Australian cities are being transformed by financialised real estate. Daly's insights remain highly relevant to Sydney and other cities around Australia and the world today. Poorly planned densification, inflated property markets, land speculation, and housing poverty are all outcomes of the (global) capitalist intersection of finance and land in Australia. The overwriting of Aboriginal country with colonial-capitalist systems of land ownership set in train a process of land and housing booms, bubbles and busts that are better understood by their circular continuity rather than as a set of ephemeral ruptures. It is the property and finance system itself, rather than any ruptures to it, that reproduces unequal and alienating social relations. Researchers investigating property speculation, global capital, urban planning and financialisation, we argue, ought to revisit this key text to inform their contemporary analyses. Moreover, those wielding power over Australian urban affairs would do well to read it too, lest its lessons be ignored for another generation.  相似文献   

Territory beyond terra     

Alistair Sisson 《The Australian geographer》2019,50(2):268-269

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