Exclusion (and seclusion): geographies of disowned widows of India     

Rituparna Bhattacharyya  Suman Singh 《GeoJournal》2018,83(4):757-774

Geographies of disowned Indian widows are highly under-researched. This case study seeks to understand the lives of 21 of the many diverse widows across India. These 21 widows were driven out by their families, who sought refuge in the two Briddhha Ashrams (old-age hermitages) namely Rajkya and Birla, both located in the heritage city, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Drawing upon ethnographic research and building on 21 semi-structured interviews, the research aims to understand the lives of these widows in the two ashrams and their everyday coping strategies. The findings suggest that each woman has negotiated with ‘widowhood’ in order to build individual identities as ‘self’. Using the threads of analysis, we urge for the passing of the draft Bill on widows’ protection, welfare and maintenance prepared by Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak, the architect of sanitation charity, Sulabh International, who has adopted widows of Varanasi and Vrindavan by providing a dole of INR2000/month.  相似文献   

Petrography and mineral chemistry of Alkaline-Carbonatite Complex in Singhbhum Crustal Province,Purulia region,Eastern India     

S. K. Basu  T. Bhattacharyya 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2014,83(1):54-70

The variant rock types of an Alkaline-Carbonatite Complex (ACC) comprising alkali pyroxenite, nepheline syenite, phoscorite, carbonatite, syenitic fenite and glimmerite along with REE and Nb-mineralization are found at different centres along WNW-ESE trending South Purulia Shear Zone (SPSZ) in parts of Singhbhum Crustal Province. The ACC occurs as intrusions within the Mesoproterozoic Singhbhum Group of rocks. Alkali pyroxenite comprises of aegirine augite, magnesiotaramite, magnesiokatophorite as major constituents. Pyrochlore and eucolite are ubiquitous in nepheline syenite. Phoscorite contains fluorapatite, dahllite, collophane, magnetite, hematite, goethite, phlogopite, calcite, sphene, monazite, pyrochlore, chlorite and quartz. Coarse fluorapatite shows overgrowth of secondary apatite (dahllite). Secondary apatite is derived from primary fluorapatite by solution and reprecipitation. The primary fluorapatite released REE to crystallize monazite grains girdling around primary apatite. Carbonatite is composed dominantly of Srcalcite along with dolomite, tetraferriphlogopite, phlogopitic biotite, aegirine augite, richterite, fluorapatite, altered magnetite, sphene and monazite. The minerals comprising of the carbonatite indicate middle stage of carbonatite development. Fenite is mineralogically syenite. Glimmerite contains 50–60% tetraferriphlogopite. An alkali trend in the evolution of amphiboles (magnesiotaramite-magnesiokatophorite-richterite) and chinopyroxenes (aegirine augite, aegirine) during the crystallization of the suite of rocks is noted. Monazite is the source of REE in phoscorite and carbonatite. Fluorapatite has low contents of REE, PbO, ThO₂ and UO₂. Pyrochlore reflects Nb-mineralization in nepheline syenite and it is enriched in Na₂O, CaO, TiO₂, PbO and UO₂. Pyrochlore containing UO₂ (6.605%) and PbO (0.914%) in nepheline syenite has been chemically dated at 948 ± 24 Ma by EPMA.  相似文献   

Heavy minerals and the characters of ilmenite in the beach placer sands of Chavakkad-Ponnani,Kerala Coast,India     

B. Nayak  Sunati Mohanty  P. Bhattacharyya 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2012,79(3):259-266

Indian beach placer sand deposits are, in general, ilmenite-rich. However, some concentrations are dominated by pyriboles. The Chavakkad-Ponnani (CP) area along the northern Kerala coast is one such deposit. This paper deals with the general character of the heavy minerals of CP with special emphasis on the characters of ilmenite. Most Indian beach sand ilmenites are of good quality. However, our observations on the ilmenites of CP using Optical Microscope, SEM and EPMA reveals that these are mineralogically very complex. The CP ilmenite varies from pure ilmenite to highly impure variety having intergrowths and inclusions of other oxide and silicate minerals. Ilmenite occurs as mixcrystals and forms intergrowth structure with hematite and Ti-hematite/ulvöspinel; contains inclusions of hematite, quartz, and monazite. On the other hand ilmenite also occurs as inclusions within hematite and garnet. The pyriboles are dominantly amphiboles with hornblende-composition. Interestingly an inclusion of gold has been recorded within amphibole of hornblende composition. Garnets are mostly of almandine and pyrope type. Subordinate heavy minerals are sillimanite, zircon and rutile. Characteristic morphology, mineralogy and chemistry of amphibole, garnet and ilmenite together indicate that the placer sands of CP area are derived from the amphibolites, granite gneisses and basic igneous rocks lying in the hinterland towards the eastern border of Kerala. Though the overall quality of ilmenite is poor, highgrade ilmenite concentrate can be generated (of course with lower yield), by adopting precise mineral processing techniques. The CP deposit can be considered as a second-grade deposit but it has potential for future exploitation.  相似文献   

Induced magnetic field of the equatorial electrojet at the surface of the Earth     

Archana Bhattacharyya 《Geophysical Journal International》1981,67(3):557-563

Summary. The northward component of the induced magnetic field due to the equatorial electrojet at the Earth's surface is calculated using a more realistic local time variaton of the external field due to the electrojet than is provided for by models of the electrojet currently used in induction calculations. It is seen that appreciable induction effects can be expected about an hour before local noon for the kind of local time variation considered. Our results are in qualitative agreement with direct observations of Earth currents in the equatorial region in Nigeria. At local times when observable induction effects are present, the magnetic field due to the electrojet is necessarily three-dimensional; hence in order to obtain the internal part directly from the observed total field due to the electrojet at the Earth's surface, a three-dimensional formulation is required.  相似文献   

Book review     

Anindita Parai 《GeoJournal》1993,30(2):196-152

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A fluid dynamical flow model for the central peak in the rotation curve of disk galaxies     

Tara Bhattacharyya  B. Basu 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1980,73(2):395-410

The rotation curve of the central region in some disk galaxies shows a linear rise, terminating at a peak (primary peak) which is then followed by a deep minimum. The curve then again rises to another peak at more or less half-way across the galactic radius. This latter peak is considered as the peak of the rotation curve in all large-scale analysis of galactic structure. The primary peak is usually ignored for the purpose. In this work an attempt has been made to look at the primary peak as the manifestation of the post-explosion flow pattern of gas in the deep central region of galaxies. Solving hydrodynamical equations of motion, a flow model has been derived which imitates very closely the actually observed linear rotational velocity, followed by the falling branch of the curve to minimum. The theoretical flow model has been compared with observed results for nine galaxies. The agreement obtained is extremely encouraging. The distance of the primary peak from the galactic centre has been shown to be correlated with the angular velocity in the linear part of the rotation curve. Here also, agreement is very good between theoretical and observed results. It is concluded that the distance of the primary peak from the centre not only speaks of the time that has elapsed since the explosion occurred in the nucleus, it also speaks of the potential capability of the nucleus of the galaxy for repeating explosions through some efficient process of mass replenishment at the core.  相似文献   

Derivation ofv μ/v μ and the spectra of neutrinos from pions and kaons produced by primary cosmic rays throughp-nucleus collisions     

O. C. Allkofer  D. P. Bhattacharyya 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1987,134(1):115-122

The muon neutrino-antineutrino flux ratios, viz.,v /v generated from the decays of charged pions and kaons in atmosphere have been derived from the latest primary spectrum and the CERN ISRpp-collision data modified forp-nucleus interactions. The dynamical method of Allkoferet al. (1978) has been used in the present investigation. The estimated result forv /v yields 1.39 and 1.70 asE0 and , respectively. The neutrino fluxes from pion- and kaon-decay spectra have been calculated. Attention has been paid on prompt neutrino spectrum calculation from the decays ofD mesons. A rough estimate on the prompt muon spectrum has been given. The calculated results have been compared with the previous available results.  相似文献   

Periodic modulations in the optical light curves of EX Hydrae     

S. Seetha  D. P. Sharma  V. N. Padmini  T. M. K. Marar  K. Kasturirangan  U. R. Rao  J. C. Bhattacharyya 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1987,130(1-2):193-196

We present here new results on the periodic modulations in the optical light curves of EX Hydrae observed during 1982–84. The period analysis has been done using synchronous summation and discrete Fourier transform methods. We report new periodicities at 34.7 min and 26.7 min apart from confirming the detection of 46.3 min modulation recently reported. We also include our data to derive the rate of decrease of the 67 min period.Paper presented at the IAU Colloquium No. 93 on Cataclysmic Variables. Recent Multi-Frequency Observations and Theoretical Developments, held at Dr. Remeis-Sternwarte Bamberg, F.R.G., 16–19 June, 1986.  相似文献   

Variation of γ-Ray and Particle Fluxes At the Sea Level During the Total Solar Eclipse of 24 October, 1995     

Abhijit Bhattacharyya  Sukumar Biswas  Barun K. Chatterjee  Mala Das  Pradipta K. Das  Tapan K. Das  Tarun K. De  M.H. Engineer  Rabi N. Mukherjee  Sibaji Raha  S.C. Roy  Swapan K. Saha  A.K. Sen  Bikash Sinha  Debapriyo Syam 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1997,250(2):313-326

A Total Solar Eclipse (TSE) was observed from Diamond Harbour (lat. 22.2°N, long 88.2°E) on 24 October 1995. The variation of -ray intensity was measured in the energy range of 0.3–3.0 MeV for different time spans throughout the period of the eclipse. A CR-39 detector was used to look at the change in the fluxes of neutral and charged particles. The maximum drop ( 25%) in the intensity of -ray was observed in the range 2.5–3 MeV during TSE. The CR-39 results showed the appearance of a good number of tracks and a small variation of proton and neutron flux of 10% which was not significant statistically. Low energy -ray fluxes at sea level originate from the secondary electron-photon components of cosmic rays in the atmosphere; its modulation by TSE is interpreted as follows. The cooling of the atmosphere in the path of the umbra induces a reduction of the height of the main production layer of the nuclear component, as a result of which, fewer µ^± mesons (from the decay of the^± mesons) decay to e^±. This leads to a small reduction in the flux of electron-photon component at sea level which originates from this branch; the main branch of e - component from ⁰ decay remains nearly unaffected. As the total mass of air remains the same, little or no change in the slow proton or the neutron flux at sea level is expected. These are consistent with the present observations. For a better understanding, further studies of this new phenomenon during future TSE are suggested.  相似文献   

Holocene palaeoclimate and glacier fluctuations within Baspa valley,Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh     

Parminder Singh Ranhotra  Amalava Bhattacharyya 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2010,75(3):527-532

Present study is an attempt to understand the tree line shift in relation to glacier fluctuations during Holocene based on the exploratory palynological studies from a 1.3 m deep sediment profile located at 3,100 meters above mean sea level (mamsl), Rukti valley, Kinnaur, Himachal Pradesh. The study reveals that during the early to middle Holocene, tree line taxa viz. Betula and Juniperus were well characterized in the site of investigation evident by higher percentage of their pollen grains in subsurface sediments than those recorded during the late Holocene. This variation in distribution of these taxa suggests that till middle Holocene tree line was close to the study site (3,100 mamsl) i.e. at lower altitude than its present day distribution between 3,800 to 3,900 mamsl. Accordingly, the glacier snout might also be at lower elevations (∼3,500 mamsl) than its present day location at altitude (∼4,300 mamsl).  相似文献