盐下特低孔渗碳酸盐岩油藏高产带地震预测方法研究     

郑晓东徐安娜  杨志芳李勇根 刘颖 《应用地球物理》2005,2(2):103-110

肯吉亚克油田石炭系油藏属持低孔渗、异常高压碳酸盐岩油藏，它除了具有埋深大，非均质性强，油气成藏控制因素复杂等特点外，其上还覆盖巨厚盐丘，造成盐下地震反射时间和振幅畸变严重，地震成像差、信噪比低和分辨率低，给储层预测工作带来极大困难。如何正确预测油藏高产带分布规律是高效开发这类油藏的关键，本文研究从分析形成碳酸盐岩油藏高产带的主控因素入手，通过井震标定，优选反映碳酸盐岩岩相、岩溶、物性和裂缝的地震属性，结合地震、地质、测井、油藏工程和钻井资料，把盐下特低孔渗碳酸盐岩油藏高产带预测问题分解成构造解释、岩相预测、岩溶预测、物性预测、裂缝预测和综合评价等六个环节。宏观上，通过建立断裂、岩相、岩溶模式，定性预测储层分布有利区带；微观上，通过多参数储层特征反演和多属性综合分析，定量、半定量预测有利储层分布，有效解决盐下碳酸盐岩油藏高产带预测难题，基本搞清本区碳酸盐岩油藏高产带分布规律，为优选有利勘探和开发目标提供依据。文中提出的方法和技术对解决国内外碳酸盐岩油藏高产带预测和其他复杂储层预测问题有借鉴作用。  相似文献   

Empirical relationships between aftershock area dimensions and magnitude for earthquakes in the Mediterranean Sea region     

Konstantinos I. Konstantinou  Gerassimos A. Papadopoulos  Anna Fokaefs  Katerina Orphanogiannaki 《Tectonophysics》2005,403(1-4):95-115

Fault dimension estimates derived from the aftershock area extent of 36 shallow depth (≤ 31 km) earthquakes that occurred in the Mediterranean Sea region have been used in order to establish empirical relationships between length, width, area and surface-wave/moment magnitude. This dataset consists of events whose aftershock sequence was recorded by a dense local or regional network and the reported location errors did not exceed on average 3–5 km. Surface-wave magnitudes for these events were obtained from the NEIC database and/or published reports, while moment magnitudes as well as focal mechanisms were available from the Harvard/USGS catalogues. Contrary to the results of some previously published studies we found no evidence in our dataset that faulting type may have an effect on the fault dimension estimates and therefore we derived relationships for the whole of the dataset. Comparisons, by means of statistical F-tests, of our relationships with other previously published regional and global relationships were performed in order to check possible similarities or differences. Most such comparisons showed relatively low significance levels (< 95%), since the differences in source dimension estimates were large mainly for magnitudes lower than 6.5, becoming smaller with increasing magnitude. Some degree of similarity, however, could be observed between our fault length relationship and the one derived from aftershock area lengths of events in Greece, while a difference was found between our regional and global fault length relationships. A calculation of the ratio defined as the fault length, derived from our relationships, to the length estimated from regional empirical relationships involving surface ruptures showed that it can take a maximum value of about 7 for small magnitudes while it approaches unity at Ms 7.2. When calculating the same ratio using instead global empirical relationships we see the maximum value not exceeding 1.8, while unity is reached at Mw 7.8, indicating the existence of a strong regional variation in the fault lengths of earthquakes occurring in the Mediterranean Sea region. Also, a relationship between the logarithms of the rupture area and seismic moment is established and it is inferred that there is some variation of stress drop as a function of seismic moment. In particular, it is observed that for magnitudes lower than 6.6 the stress drop fluctuates around 10 bar, while for larger magnitudes the stress drop reaches a value as high as 60 bar.  相似文献   

Claiming space and community: rural women’s strategies for living with, and beyond, fear     

Ruth Panelli  Anna Kraack 《Geoforum》2005,36(4):495-508

Following the well-established literature on women’s fear in urban contexts, a small but important literature has also begun to document accounts of boldness, fearlessness and empowerment. We extend this work by considering ways in which women live with, and beyond, experiences of fear. We argue that fear and fearlessness are not discrete and separate states, but rather they are often simultaneous conditions that women negotiate in complex ways. Moving away from a sense of victims and passivity, we suggest that women have spatial and social strategies that can be adopted when they face fear or take up forms of action that might be termed ‘bold’ or ‘courageous’. Consequently, this work draws on Koskela’s [Gender, Place and Culture 4 (1997) 301] previous discussion of ‘bold women’ in Finland to develop a notion of agency and highlight strategies that some rural women adopt in New Zealand.  相似文献   

Observations of physical effects from tsunamis of December 30, 2002 at Stromboli volcano, southern Italy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Stefano Tinti  Alessandra Maramai  Alberto Armigliato  Laura Graziani  Anna Manucci  Gianluca Pagnoni  Filippo Zaniboni 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2006,68(5):450-461

On December 30, 2002, following an intense period of activity of Stromboli volcano (south Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy), complex mass failures occurred on the northwest slope of the mountain which also involved the underwater portion of the volcanic edifice for a total volume of about 2–3×10⁷ m³. Two main landslides occurred within a time separation of 7 min, and both set tsunami waves in motion that hit the coasts of Stromboli causing injuries to three people and severe damage to buildings and structures. The tsunamis also caused damage on the island of Panarea, some 20 km to the SSE from the source. They were observed all over the Aeolian archipelago, at the island of Ustica to the west, along the northern Sicily coasts to the south as well as along the Tyrrhenian coasts of Calabria to the east and in Campania to the north. This paper presents field observations that were made in the days and weeks immediately following the events. The results of the quantitative investigations undertaken in the most affected places, namely along the coasts of Stromboli and on the island of Panarea, are reported in order to highlight the dynamics of the attacking waves and their impact on the physical environment, on the coastal structures and on the coastal residential zone. In Stromboli, the tsunami waves were most violent along the northern and northeastern coastal belt between Punta Frontone and the village of Scari, with maximum runup heights of about 11 m measured on the beach of Spiaggia Longa. Measured runups were observed to decay rapidly with distance from the source, typical of tsunami waves generated by limited-area sources such as landslides.  相似文献   

PGE distribution in massive sulfides from the PACMANUS hydrothermal field, eastern Manus basin, Papua New Guinea: implications for PGE enrichment in some ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits     

Jan Pašava  Anna Vymazalová  Sven Petersen  Peter Herzig 《Mineralium Deposita》2006,41(2):201-202

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Environmental changes in an alpine lake (Gossenköllesee, austria) over the last two centuries – the influence of air temperature on biological parameters     

Karin A. Koinig  Christian Kamenik  Roland Schmidt  Anna Agustí-Panareda  Peter Appleby  Andrea Lami  Miroslava Prazakova  Neil Rose  Øyvind A. Schnell  Richard Tessadri  Roy Thompson  Roland Psenner 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2002,28(1):147-160

Changes in microfossils (diatoms, chrysophytes, chironomids and cladocera remains), geochemistry and deposition of atmospheric pollutants have been investigated in the sediment records of the alpine lake Gossenköllesee (Tyrol, Austria) spanning the last two centuries. The sediment records were compared with seasonal and annual air temperature trends calculated for the elevation (2417 m a.s.l.) and the geographical position (47° 1346N, 11° 0051E) of the lake, and with precipitation records available since 1866 from Innsbruck. Temperature trends followed a 20–30 year oscillation between cold and warm periods. Regarding long-term changes, temperature trends showed a U-shaped trend between 1780 and 1950, followed by a steep increase since 1975.Physical, geochemical, and organic parameters were not controlled by air temperature. Among the biological records only diatoms and chrysophytes reacted to air temperature changes: the relative abundance of planktonic diatoms increased during warm periods and changes in mean annual alpine air temperature explained 36.5% of their variation. The relation between abundance of seasonal stomatocyst types and air temperature varied on two different time scales: while summer stomatocysts were influenced by short term temperature fluctuations, the autumn stomatocysts were affected only by the long term changes. Other biological parameters exhibited a constant species composition (chironomids, pigments) or changes were small and independent of temperature (cladocera). Spheroidal carbonaceous fly-ash particles, and trends in Pb and Cr indicated increasing deposition of atmospheric pollutants but had no detectable effects on the biological parameters either. In respect to temperature variations over the last 200 years, this alpine lake is much less sensitive than expected and has thus to be regarded as a well buffered site. However, temperature alone is not sufficient to understand changes in species composition and other biogeochemical processes with unknown historical patterns might have affected species composition more strongly.  相似文献   

Loads of pollutants discharged to the Baltic Sea by the Oder and Vistula Rivers during a flood Wave in July and August 1997 (summary)     

Anna Bozek  Waldemar Jarosinski 《Ocean Dynamics》1998,50(2-3):257-257

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Women, gender, feminisms: visiting physical geography     

Anna Bee  Clare Madge  Jane Wellens 《Area》1998,30(3):195-196

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D型菌解无定形体的形成及其生烃模式   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

丁安娜  惠荣耀 《地质科学》1997,32(2):221-228

通过对准噶尔盆地部分油藏烃源岩的电子显微镜研究,在大量样品中检出D型菌解无定形体,其母质来源具有二元混合性,形成在弱还原─原环境中,生烃门限R_o值为0.4%,生烃期大约为0.4%-0.7%,是轻质油(或凝析油)和天然气形成的重要组分之一。在低演化阶段,由于细菌参加了对有机质的改造,使Ⅱ_B-Ⅲ类烃源岩中富集氢,生烃能力变好。文章还初步探讨了芳烃化合物含量与菌解无定形体D形成的关系,指出当沉积体系中的硫和硫化氢与铁结合,形成稳定的黄铁矿物后,才有可能在Ⅲ型有机质中形成高含量的D型菌解无定形体。  相似文献   

Forging alliance with Russia: the example of a Green Investment Scheme     

Anna Korppoo 《Climate Policy》2003,3(1):67

Russian Kyoto related interests are economic and after the US withdrawal the mission of Russian actors has been to find new demand for Russian credits and allowances. Kyoto related benefits to Russia will be significantly smaller than earlier expected, however, the revenues are now more likely to be focused on climate change mitigation purposes. Competition in the Kyoto market has established buyers’ market and Russia has to accommodate the interests of investors in order to gain benefits. The Russian initiative ‘Green Investment Scheme’ to recycle revenues from International Emissions Trading (IET) to further environmental activities would convene demand for Russian AAUs but experience the same problems than the previous initiatives: inadequate institutional arrangement, unclear division of responsibilities between domestic actors, prolonged ratification process and lack of eligibility strategy. These problems have prevented implementation of GIS so far. Therefore, these problems have to be addressed by high-level Russian policy-makers if serious benefits from Kyoto are sought. Actors building alliances with Russia should focus on assisting with solving these problems.  相似文献