The Geography of the 1994 Nordic Vote on European Union Membership*     

Alexander B. Murphy  Anne Hunderi-Ely 《The Professional geographer》1996,48(3):284-297

In 1994, support for European Union (EU) membership was highly variable across Norway, Sweden, and Finland. The “no” vote was strongest in rural areas eligible for substantial EU subsidies. Moreover, the majority voted against EU membership in Norway. To explain these outcomes, this article focuses on the ways in which local and national differences mediated interpretations of the issues raised during the campaign. The analysis highlights important forces shaping northern Europe today and their implications for the EU in the years ahead.  相似文献   

Publisher's note     

Anne Vindenes Allen  Senior Publishing Editor 《Marine pollution bulletin》1997,35(7-12):v

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On the origin of saline fluids in the KTB (continental deep drilling project of Germany)     

Manuela Lodemann  Peter Fritz  Manfred Wolf  Miro Ivanovich  Bent T. Hansen  Eckehart Nolte 《Applied Geochemistry》1997,12(6):831-849

Highly saline fluids were encountered during the German Continental Deep Drilling Project (KTB) from depths ranging between 2 and 3 km to about 9 km. The most reliable data were obtained from samples extracted during a long-term pumping test in the 4000-m deep KTB pilot hole. Some 460 m³ CaNaCl brines with about 68 g l⁻¹ total dissolved solids (TDS) and some 270 m³ associated gases, mainly N₂ and CH₄ were pumped to the surface from the main fracture system situated near the bottom of the pilot hole. Geochemical and isotopic data support the hydraulic tests which suggest the presence of an open and large fluid reservoir at depth. The pumped fluids from this main fracture system were released from a deep reservoir situated at more than 5500 m depth which is hydraulically connected with the 9101 m deep KTB main hole, drilled some 250 m to the northeast of the pilot hole.While Ca and Sr contents of the extracted brines may be the result of water-rock interaction, Cl is most likely of external origin. The Cl is hypothesized to derive from geotectonic processes rather than to descending infiltration of paleo-seawater (evaporitic brines). The sampled fluids have probably migrated from a deeper reservoir to their present position since the Cretaceous-Tertiary period due to tectonic activity. However, several isotopic studies have identified an admixture of descending paleowaters down to more than 4000 m depth. The high ³⁶ClCl ratio of the fluids sampled during the long-term pumping test point to a host rock highly enriched in UTh, unlike the sampled KTB country rocks. The fluid reservoir is believed to be in contact with the Falkenberg granite massif situated about 2 km to the E of the KTB holes capable of supplying sufficient neutron flux for considerable subsurface production of 36C1. The NaCl(K, SO₄) precursor fluids of the CaNaCI brines were produced in the course of extensive tectonic processes since the Late Caledonian within the Bohemian Massif.  相似文献   

Infrared reflectance spectra of fayalite, and absorption datafrom assorted olivines, including pressure and isotope effects   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Anne M. Hofmeister 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1997,24(7):535-546

 Polarized single-crystal infrared (IR) reflectance spectra measured for synthetic fayalite (Fe₂SiO₄) possess all but one of the peaks mandated by symmetry plus a few weak bands attributable to overtones. Fayalite has a band at 86 cm⁻¹, which is below the frequency range commonly examined, suggesting that vibrational spectra of ferrous minerals may need remeasuring. B_2u polarizations were also measured for natural monticellite (nearly MgCaSiO₄) and synthetic Mg₂Si¹⁸O₄. Thin film absorption data were collected for the above species, Co₂SiO₄, Mn₂SiO₄, Mg₂SiO₄, (Mg_1.9Fe_0.1)SiO₄, Mg₂GeO₄ and Mn₂GeO₄. The relationships of IR peak positions (from these data and from previous single-crystal studies) with the inverse square root of the average cation mass were used to make band assignments, to estimate the positions for missing bands, and to determine which peaks are degenerate. The pressure dependencies of monticellite IR peaks were measured and resemble those of other olivines. Received: August 28, 1996 / Revised, accepted: November 7, 1996  相似文献   

Upcoming international events     

Anne Marie de Grosbois 《Environmental Geology》2008,56(1):219-224

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MODIS-NDVI-based mapping of the length of the growing season in northern Fennoscandia     

Stein Rune Karlsen  Anne Tolvanen  Eero Kubin  Jarmo Poikolainen  Kjell Arild Høgda  Bernt Johansen  Fiona S. Danks  Paul Aspholm  Frans Emil Wielgolaski  Olga Makarova 《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2008

Northern Fennoscandia is an ecologically heterogeneous region in the arctic/alpine-boreal transition area. Phenology data on birch from 13 stations and 16-day MODIS-NDVI composite satellite data with 250 m resolution for the period 2000 to 2006 were used to map the growing season. A new combined pixel-specific NDVI threshold and decision rule-based mapping method was developed to determine the onset and end of the growing season. A moderately high correlation was found between NDVI data and birch phenology data. The earliest onset of the growing season is found in the narrow strip of lowland between the mountains and the sea along the coast of northern Norway. The onset follows a clear gradient from lowland to mountain corresponding to the decreasing temperature gradient. In autumn, the yellowing of the vegetation shows a more heterogeneous pattern. The length of the growing season is between 100 and 130 days in 55% of the study area.  相似文献   

Model or measurements? A discussion of the key issue in Chapman and Pollack’s critique of Hamza et al.’s re-evaluation of oceanic heat flux and the global power     

Anne M. Hofmeister  Robert E. Criss 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(2):241-244

Chapman and Pollack (C and P)[2007, Int J Earth Sci] criticize Hamza et al. [2007, Int J Earth Sci] for using actual heat flux measurements in young oceanic crust instead of values from 1-D cooling models. The rationalization of C and P and previous authors is that hydrothermal circulation causes the discrepancy between model and measurement. However, the discrepancy between model values and measured heat flux exists over the entire ocean floor and is opposite to the perturbations that hydrothermal circulation would superimpose on a conductive system [Hofmeister and Criss (2005) Tectonophysics 409:199–203]. The error lies in force-fitting a 1-D cooling model to the 3-D oceanic crust [Hofmeister and Criss (2005) Tectonophysics 395:159–177]. Shortcomings of the 1-D model include mathematical errors, such as use of volumetric rather than linear thermal expansivity to describe contraction which, by assumption, is limited only to the Z -direction [Hofmeister and Criss (2006) Tectonophysics]. This 3× error, traceable to McKenzie and Sclater [1969, Bull Vocanol 33–1:101–118], accidentally provides good agreement of model values with globally averaged seafloor depths for young, but not old ages, and is the sole rationale for using the simplistic cooling model. There is no justification for selective substitution of erroneous 1-D model values for measurements only for the younger half of the 3-D oceanic crust, as stridently and arbitrarily promoted by C and P. Hamza et al. [2007, Int J Earth Sci], in contrast, use the scientific method, which calls for discarding models that do not well describe physical phenomena. The remainder of this report summarizes the shortcomings of cooling models, particularly the half-space cooling (HSC) model touted by C and P, and explains how hydrothermal circulation affects heat flux. We focus on the basics, as these have been misunderstood. With the key issues of C and P being erroneous, it is not necessary to address their remaining comments, many of which enumerate the vote for an imagined, gargantuan circulation of hot fluid through oceanic basins that is somehow warmed without removing heat from the rocks. The use of “consensus” to belittle valid challenge is the enemy of the scientific method.  相似文献   

Distribution,Abundance and Domoic Acid Analysis of the Toxic Diatom Genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudo-nitzschia</Emphasis> from the Chesapeake Bay     

Anne E. Thessen  Diane K. Stoecker 《Estuaries and Coasts》2008,31(4):664-672

Very little research has been conducted on mid-Atlantic estuarine populations of the diatom Pseudo-nitzschia despite recent evidence of toxicity in regional isolates. We collected field samples from the Chesapeake Bay region from 2002 to 2007 for Pseudo-nitzschia enumeration and toxin analysis. Abundances of Pseudo-nitzschia were highest in the winter and spring at ∼10³ cells ml⁻¹. Domoic acid (DA) was detectable in 42% of samples tested, but concentrations were generally low, ranging from 0 to 1,037 pg DA ml⁻¹ (mean 176 pg DA ml⁻¹), and DA cell quota ranged from <0.1 to 49.4 pg DA per cell (mean 1.4 pg DA per cell). Although Pseudo-nitzschia populations were observed year round when salinity was ≥5, populations were highest from February to May when temperatures were low (2–15°C) and salinity relatively high (≥10). Six species of Pseudo-nitzschia were identified via transmission electron microscopy of the samples: P. pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) Hasle, P. calliantha Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle, P. subpacifica (Hasle) Hasle, P. cuspidata (Hasle) Hasle emend. Lundholm, Moestrup et Hasle, P. fraudulenta (Cleve) Hasle and P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle. P. calliantha was the most common and not previously reported from the Chesapeake Bay. Of these species, P. pungens, P. calliantha, P. cuspidata, P. fraudulenta and P. multiseries are known to produce domoic acid.  相似文献   

Diversity in global patterns of observed precipitation variability and change on river basin scales     

Anne M. Lausier  Shaleen Jain 《Climatic change》2018,149(2):261-275

Comprehensive characterization of diversity in global patterns of precipitation variability and change is an important starting point for climate adaptation and resilience assessments. Capturing the nature of precipitation probability distribution functions (PDF) is critical for assessing variability and change. Conventional linear regression-based analyses assume that slope coefficients for the wet and dry tails of the PDF are consonant with the conditional mean trend. This assumption is not always borne out in the analyses of historical records. Given the relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and precipitation, recent trends in global SST complicate interpretations of precipitation variability and risk. In this study, changes in the PDF of annual precipitation (1951–2011) at the global river basin scale were analyzed using quantile regression (QR). QR is a flexible approach allowing for the assessment of precipitation variability conditioned on the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) patterns of global SST that reflect El Niño–Southern Oscillation and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation. To this end, the framework presented (a) offers a characterization of the entire PDF and its sensitivity to the leading modes of SST variability, (b) captures a range of responses in the PDF including asymmetries, (c) highlights regions likely to experience higher risks of precipitation excesses and deficits and inter-annual variability, and (d) offers an approach for quantifying risk across specified quantiles. Results show asymmetric responses in the PDF in all regions of the world, either in single or both tails. In one instance, QR detects a differential response to the leading patterns of SST in the Tana basin in eastern Africa, highlighting changes in variability as well as risk.  相似文献   

湛江地区汛期降水稳定同位素的变化与水汽来源的关系          下载免费PDF全文

甘秋莹  范伶俐  陈汉森  李丽芳  李俊宇  郑侦明 《山东气象》2021,41(1):129-137

以湛江降水为研究对象,利用收集的2019年汛期68个降水样品及同期气象资料,采用同位素示踪技术,结合HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)模式溯源,分析了湛江地区汛期降水稳定同位素的变化与水汽源地的关系,并对5个代表性的降水个例进行了诊断分析。结果表明:1)湛江地区汛期局部降水线为δD=8.02318O-0.703 7,R2=0.954,n=68;前汛期季风带来西太平洋的水汽,18O含量丰富;后汛期降雨主要取决于局部大气环流,一定程度受云下二次分馏影响,δD和18O偏低。2)前汛期西南季风爆发前,湛江降水的水汽主要源于副热带高压外围东南气流输送的西太平洋水汽,西南季风爆发后,南海、孟加拉湾为其水汽源地;后汛期热带系统带来的降水,南海、孟加拉湾为主要水汽源地;非热带系统带来的降水,孟加拉湾为主要水汽源地。  相似文献