Hunting for votes: the geography of free votes and electoral advantage in the British House of Commons     

Anthony G. Hoare 《Geoforum》1995,26(4):459-478

When viewed in an international context some democratic political systems bestow more individual freedom on elected representatives than others over how they vote, for instance that of the United States compared to the United Kingdom. However, occasional opportunities arise for ‘free votes’ even in the British House of Commons and the paper considers the case study of that on the banning of hunting in 1992. The paper outlines the nature of the geography and politics of public opinion on the hunting issue and relates this to the free-voting patterns of MPs from opposing parties and constituencies of differing electoral marginality, as well as to the outcome of the closely-following General Election. On balance, Conservative MPs in marginal seats who voted in favour of a ban on hunting gained no subsequent advantage in retaining their seats over those who did not. This generates some points for final discussion.  相似文献   

Open-cast mining and water     

Reinhard F. Hüttl  Anthony D. Bradshaw 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2001,73(2):61

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Book reviews     

Anthony J. Thompson  Hernani A. F. Chaves  Eric C. Grunsky 《Natural Resources Research》1996,5(1):77-79

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Melting rates beneath Hawaii: Evidence from uranium series isotopes in recent lavas     

Anthony S. Cohen  R. Keith O''Nions 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1993,120(3-4):169-175

²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ²³⁰Th and ²²⁶Ra abundances have been measured in six samples of recent Hawaiian basalt by high precision mass spectrometry, in an attempt to compare the melting process in plumes and at spreading ridges. The data reveal a very small range in (²³⁰Th/²³⁸U) activity ratio up to a maximum value of 1.02 ± 0.01, and (²²⁶Ra/²³⁰Th) activity ratios which lie between 1.10 ± 0.015 and 1.19 ± 0.02. UTh and RaTh abundances are linearly correlated demonstrating that the disequilibria predate crystallisation and differentiation. Using recently published estimates for the bulk partition coefficients of U and Th, the results are consistent with melting rates > 10⁻³ kg m⁻³ a⁻¹ at porosities < 10⁻³ for dynamic fractional melting in the garnet stability field.  相似文献   

Measuring the effect of overgrazing in the Sonoran Desert   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Nevin A. Bryant  Lee F. Johnson  Anthony J. Brazel  Robert C. Balling  Charles F. Hutchinson  Louisa R. Beck 《Climatic change》1990,17(2-3):243-264

Long term overgrazing in Mexico has caused a sharp discontinuity in vegetative cover along the international border in the semi-arid Sonoran Desert. The United States side, protected from overgrazing by the Taylor Act since 1934, exhibits longer, more plentiful grasses and less bare soil than adjoining Mexican lands. Satellite- and ground-based datasets were used in a multi-scale examination of the differential radiative and reflective characteristics of the two regimes. The more exposed Mexican landscape dries more rapidly than the United States following summer convective precipitation. After about three days, depletion of soil moisture evokes a period of higher surface and air temperatures in Mexico. Good correspondence was found between remote and in situ measures of surface temperature and biomass.  相似文献   

Rock Analysis Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: a Review     

Chris RIDDLE  Anthony VANDER VOET  William DOHERTY 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》1988,12(1):203-234

The applications of inductively coupled plasma -mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to geoanalysis are reviewed. This technique offers the ability to determine elemental abundances and isotope ratios; it has proven to be sensitive, precise and accurate, and represents a significant advance in instrumentation suitable for rock analysis. This review deals principally with the application of ICP-MS to elemental analysis. Literature citations are complete as of December 31, 1987; particular attention has been paid to data reported for certified reference materials. Although most current ICP-MS analysis employs conventional nebulization of solution samples, there is considerable effort being made to develop viable alternative sample introduction schemes that can be applied to rock analysis. The lack of adequately defined certified reference rock materials is apparent for ICP-MS and other techniques that are capable of routine determinations in the ng/g (ppb) range.  相似文献   

The new freely-associated states of micronesia: Their natural and social environmental challenges     

Prof. Dr. Dirk Anthony Ballendorf 《GeoJournal》1988,16(2):137-142

The former United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) which has been administered by the United States since the end of World War II, has divided itself up into four separate political entities: (1) the Federated States of Micronesia, (2) the Republic of Belau, (3) the Marshall Islands Republic, and (4) the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The first three of these aforementioned entities are freely-associated states with the United States. This is a new form of political arrangement for these areas and it is also new for the United States. All of these areas have a colonial history of domination by Spain, Germany, Japan, and the US, and these colonial powers have all left legacies which the new states have to deal with. There are also a number of natural environmental factors — such as vast distance and the limited store of natural resources - which are constraints that the new states have to face and overcome with the help of the former colonial powers and the rest of the world. Whether or not these new states can be successful in their continued economic and social development at a pace rapid enough to bring sufficient foreign capital, depends on their own energy and also on the nature and quality of the outside assistance.  相似文献   

Wave diffraction by elliptical breakwaters in shallow water     

Anthony N. Williams 《Ocean Engineering》1985,12(1):25-43

The scattering of waves by both floating and submerged stationary elliptical breakwaters is investigated by means of linearised shallow water wave theory. This formulation leads to solutions for the fluid velocity potential in terms of Mathieu functions of real argument. Expressions are derived for the wave-induced forces and moments on the structures and their total and differential scattering cross-sections. Numerical results are presented for a range of wave and structural parameters.The present analysis serves as a prelude to a more comprehensive study of the problem without the shallow water restriction.  相似文献   

Clay-mineral suites,sources, and inferred dispersal routes: Southern California continental shelf     

Hein JR  Dowling JS  Schuetze A  Lee HJ 《Marine environmental research》2003,56(1-2):79-102

Clay mineralogy is useful in determining the distribution, sources, and dispersal routes of fine-grained sediments. In addition, clay minerals, especially smectite, may control the degree to which contaminants are adsorbed by the sediment. We analyzed 250 shelf sediment samples, 24 river-suspended-sediment samples, and 12 river-bed samples for clay-mineral contents in the Southern California Borderland from Point Conception to the Mexico border. In addition, six samples were analyzed from the Palos Verdes Headland in order to characterize the clay minerals contributed to the offshore from that point source. The <2 microm-size fraction was isolated, Mg-saturated, and glycolated before analysis by X-ray diffraction. Semi-quantitative percentages of smectite, illite, and kaolinite plus chlorite were calculated using peak areas and standard weighting factors. Most fine-grained sediment is supplied to the shelf by rivers during major winter storms, especially during El Ni?o years. The largest sediment fluxes to the region are from the Santa Ynez and Santa Clara Rivers, which drain the Transverse Ranges. The mean clay-mineral suite for the entire shelf sediment data set (26% smectite, 50% illite, 24% kaolinite+chlorite) is closely comparable to that for the mean of all the rivers (31% smectite, 49% illite, 20% kaolinite+chlorite), indicating that the main source of shelf fine-grained sediments is the adjacent rivers. However, regional variations do exist and the shelf is divided into four provinces with characteristic clay-mineral suites. The means of the clay-mineral suites of the two southernmost provinces are within analytical error of the mineral suites of adjacent rivers. The next province to the north includes Santa Monica Bay and has a suite of clay minerals derived from mixing of fine-grained sediments from several sources, both from the north and south. The northernmost province clay-mineral suite matches moderately well that of the adjacent rivers, but does indicate some mixing from sources in adjacent provinces.  相似文献   

Fluid circulation in a complex volcano-tectonic setting,inferred from self-potential and soil CO2 flux surveys: The Santa María–Cerro Quemado–Zunil volcanoes and Xela caldera (Northwestern Guatemala)     

Laura Bennati  Anthony Finizola  James A. Walker  Dina L. Lopez  I. Camilo Higuera-Diaz  Claudia Schütze  Francisco Barahona  Rafael Cartagena  Vladimir Conde  Renan Funes  Cristobal Rios 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》2011,199(3-4):216-229

The region encompassing Santa María, Cerro Quemado, and Zunil volcanoes, close to Quetzaltenango, the second largest city of Guatemala, is volcanically and tectonically complex. In addition, the huge Xela caldera, about 20 km in diameter, crosses this area and links up to the important Zunil fault zone located between the three volcanoes. Two highly active geothermal sites, named Zunil-I and Zunil-II, are also located between these three volcanic edifices at the southeastern boundary of Xela caldera. In order to determine the permeability variations and the main structural discontinuities within this complex volcano-tectonic setting, self-potential and soil CO₂ flux measurements have been coupled, with a step of 20 m, along a 16.880 km-long profile crossing the entire area. Two shallow hydrothermal systems, with maximum lateral extensions of 1.5 km in diameter, are indicated by positive self-potential/elevation gradients below Santa María and Cerro Quemado volcanoes. Such small hydrothermal systems cannot explain the intense geothermal manifestations at Zunil-I and Zunil-II. Another minor hydrothermal system is indicated by self-potential measurements on the flank of Santa María along the edge of the Xela caldera. CO₂ flux measurements display slight variations inside the caldera and decreasing values crossing outside the caldera boundary. We hypothesize the presence of a magmatic body, inside the southeastern border of Xela caldera, to explain the deeper and more intense hydrothermal system manifested by the Zunil-I and the Zunil-II geothermal fields. This magmatic system may be independent from Santa María and Cerro Quemado volcanoes. Alternatively, the hypothesized Xela magmatic system could have a common magmatic origin with the Cerro Quemado dome complex, consistent with previous findings on regional gas emissions. Sectors bordering the Cerro Quemado dome complex also have high amplitude minima-short wavelength anomalies in self-potential, interpreted as preferential rain water infiltration along faults of major permeability, probably related with the most recent stages of Cerro Quemado dome growth.  相似文献