Spectroscopic Investigation on Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Fractions of Dissolved Organic Matter Extracted from Soils at Different Salinities     

Maria Rosaria Provenzano  Antonella Cilenti  Giovanni Gigliotti  Nicola Senesi 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2008,36(9):748-753

Organic matter can be considered one of the most important indicators of the extent of soil desertification processes. Among the causes of desertification, salinization induced by different factors is raising the greatest concern in the Mediterranean area. In the present research, hydrophilic (HI) and hydrophobic (HO) fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) extracted from soils at different degrees of salinization have been investigated by means of spectroscopic techniques such as tridimensional fluorescence spectroscopy in the mode of emission excitation matrix (EEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The FT‐IR spectra were distinctive in differentiating HI from HO fractions and each DOM fraction as a function of soil salinity. The EEM spectra of HO fractions exhibited a shift toward longer emission wavelengths and higher fluorescence intensity (FI) values as compared to that of the HI fractions. These results could be ascribed to the different molecular complexities of HI and HO fractions. Further, a marked quenching effect was observed in the FI of both the DOM fractions with increasing soil salinity, which allowed to obtain immediate information on the soil salinity degree by comparing the fluorescence intensity.  相似文献   

Complex dynamics of small-moderate volcanic events: the example of the 2011 rhyolitic Cordón Caulle eruption,Chile     

Marco?PistolesiEmail author  Raffaello?Cioni  Costanza?Bonadonna  Manuela?Elissondo  Valerie?Baumann  Antonella?Bertagnini  Laura?Chiari  Rafael?Gonzales  Mauro?Rosi  Lorella?Francalanci 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2015,77(1):3

After decades of repose, Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcano (Chile) erupted in June 2011 following a month of continuously increasing seismic activity. The eruption dispersed a large volume of rhyolitic tephra over a wide area and was characterized by complex dynamics. During the initial climactic phase of the eruption (24–30 h on 4–5 June), 11–14-km-high plumes dispersed most of the erupted tephra eastward towards Argentina, reaching as far as the Atlantic Ocean. This first eruptive phase was followed by activity of lower intensity, leading to the development of a complex stratigraphic sequence, mainly due to rapid shifts in wind direction and eruptive style. The resulting tephra deposits consist of 13 main layers grouped into four units. Each layer was characterized based on its dispersal direction, sedimentological features, and on the main characteristics of the juvenile fraction (texture, density, petrography, chemistry). The lowest part of the eruptive sequence (Unit I), corresponding to the tephra emitted between 4 and 5 June, is composed of alternating lapilli layers with a total estimated volume of ca. 0.75 km³; these layers record the highest intensity phase, during which a bent-over plume dispersed tephra towards the southeast-east, with negligible up-wind sedimentation. Products emitted during 5–6 June (Unit II) signaled an abrupt shift in wind direction towards the north, leading to the deposition of a coarse ash deposit in the northern sector (ca. 0.21 km³ in volume), followed by a resumption of easterly directed winds. A third phase (Unit III) began on 7 June and resulted in tephra deposits in the eastern sector and ballistic bombs around the vent area. A final phase (Unit IV) started after 15 June and was characterized by the emission of fine-grained white tephra from ash-charged plumes during low-level activity and the extrusion of a viscous lava flow. Timing and duration of the first eruptive phases were constrained based on comparison of the dispersal of the main tephra layers with satellite images, showing that most of the tephra was emitted during the first 72 h of the event. The analyzed juvenile material tightly clusters within the rhyolitic field, with negligible chemical variations through the eruptive sequence. Textural observations reveal that changes in eruption intensity (and consequently in magma ascent velocity within the conduit) and complex interactions between gas-rich and gas-depleted magma portions during ascent resulted in vesicular clasts with variable degrees of shear localization, and possibly in the large heterogeneity of the juvenile material.  相似文献   

Strong motion monitoring in Italy     

Lucia Luzi  Paolo Augliera  Antonella Gorini 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2010,8(5):1073-1074

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Italian accelerometric archive: geological, geophysical and geotechnical investigations at strong-motion stations     

Lucia Luzi  Sara Lovati  Ezio D’Alema  Simone Marzorati  Domenico Di Giacomo  Salomon Hailemikael  Ettore Cardarelli  Michele Cercato  Gerarda Di Filippo  Giuliano Milana  Giuseppe Di Giulio  Mario Rainone  Patrizio Torrese  Patrizio Signanini  Gabriele Scarascia Mugnozza  Stefano Rivellino  Antonella Gorini 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2010,8(5):1189-1207

Geological, geophysical and geotechnical investigations, for the characterization of the strong-motion recording sites managed by the Italian Civil Protection, have been carried out in the framework of the project “Italian strong-motion database in the period 1972–2004”. The project aimed at creating an updated database of strong-motion data acquired in Italy by different institutions in the time span 1972–2004, and at improving the quality of disseminated data. This article illustrates the state of the recording site characterization before the beginning of the project, explains the criteria adopted to select the sites where geophysical/geotechnical investigation have been performed and describes the results of the promoted field surveys.  相似文献   

Multivariate analysis to investigate Cl distribution in rocks from different settings     

Antonella Buccianti 《Mathematical Geology》1997,29(3):349-359

Chlorine concentration has been determined by chemical methods in 97 samples of basic rocks collected at Etna volcano (Sicily, Southern Italy), Sao Miguel (Azores Islands), and Lanzarote (Canary Islands). The samples have been processed together with data related to specific magmatic and tectonic conditions, drawn from the literature. Thus, the contents of SiO₂, K₂O, and P₂O₅ of 228 samples have been used to investigate Cl distribution in the considered environments, using principal component analysis. The log-centered variance-covariance matrix has been processed in order to overcome the closure constraints. The results indicate that a clear distinction between continental and oceanic regions can be obtained in the components space. A preliminary discriminant diagram involving chlorine thus can be proposed.  相似文献   

Organochlorine compounds in tissues of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) from Mediterranean Sea and Azores islands     

Stefanelli P  Ausili A  Di Muccio A  Fossi C  Di Muccio S  Rossi S  Colasanti A 《Marine pollution bulletin》2004,49(11-12):938-950

Polychlorobiphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides are endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). The Italian Ministry of Environment has undertaken a program (1999-2001) to measure levels of contaminants in top marine predators and to develop sensitive biomarkers for the evaluation of toxicological risk in these species. In 1999, 15 swordfishes (Xiphias gladius) taken from the Mediterranean Sea along the Sicilian coast (Strait of Messina, Italy) and in the Atlantic Ocean along the Azores Islands, and analysed for 34 congeners of PCBs and 27 organochlorine (OC) pesticides in gonad, muscle, liver and blubber tissues. In the tissues of Mediterranean swordfishes the sum of the determined PCBs congeners ranged from 4.61 to 4651.17 ng g(-1) on fresh tissue basis. Among organochlorine pesticides DDE, DDT and DDD (TDE) predominated with an overall range of 2.37-4734.56 ng(-1) w.w. In particular p,p'-DDE had concentrations appearing up to 3900 ng(-1), with the highest values found in fatty tissues, such as blubber. In the liver of Azores Island swordfishes lower levels of summation PCBs (8.43-294.17 ng/g w.w.) and summation DDTs (<0.01-217.44 ng/g w.w.) were determined.  相似文献   

Stellar atmospheres models of K-giant stars: the influence of opacity sources     

Antonella Natta  Andrea Preite-Martinez 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1970,9(3):440-452

Four different models for a K-giant atmosphere (T _e=4500K, logg=2) have been computed. Each model is characterized by the inclusion of different opacity sources (H, H^–, (H), metals, blanketing effect, He^–) in order to obtain an evaluation of the model sensitivity concerning the atmospheric structure and the emergent flux. The results show that hydrogen, metals and blanketing effect must be taken into account to achieve self-consistent and reliable models.A picture of the influence of the frequency distribution of the absorption coefficient on the model features is also shown.

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Sommario Sono stati calcolati quattro differenti modelli di una stella gigante K(T _e=4500K, logg=2). Ogni modello è caratterizzato dalla inclusione di differenti sorgenti di opacità (H, H^–, (H), metalli, effetto blanketing, He^–) per ottenere una valutazione della sensibilità del modello per quel che riguarda la struttura atmosferica ed il flusso emergente. I risultati ottenuti mostrano che per costruire modelli auto-consistenti e con un buon grado di affidabilità occorre tener conto almeno delle seguenti sorgenti di opacità: H, metalli, effetto blanketing.Si mostra inoltre come sia possibile una descrizione schematica dell'influenza del coefficiente di assorbimento sulle varie caratteristiche del modello.

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Large biases and inconsistent climate change signals in ENSEMBLES regional projections   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Marco Turco  Antonella Sanna  Sixto Herrera  Maria-Carmen Llasat  José Manuel Gutiérrez 《Climatic change》2013,120(4):859-869

In this paper we analyze some caveats found in the state-of-the-art ENSEMBLES regional projections dataset focusing on precipitation over Spain, and highlight the need of a task-oriented validation of the GCM-driven control runs. In particular, we compare the performance of the GCM-driven control runs (20C3M scenario) with the ERA40-driven ones (“perfect” boundary conditions) in a common period (1961–2000). Large deviations between the results indicate a large uncertainty/bias for the particular RCM-GCM combinations and, hence, a small confidence for the corresponding transient simulations due to the potential nonlinear amplification of biases. Specifically, we found large biases for some RCM-GCM combinations attributable to RCM in-house problems with the particular GCM coupling. These biases are shown to distort the corresponding climate change signal, or “delta”, in the last decades of the 21st century, considering the A1B scenario. Moreover, we analyze how to best combine the available RCMs to obtain more reliable projections.  相似文献   

Comparison of pumping at constant head and at a constant rate for determining the sustainable yield of a well     

Antonella Baiocchi  Francesca Lotti  Simone M. Piacentini  Vincenzo Piscopo 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(4):989-996

Determining the yield of a production well remains one of the main problems in hydrogeological studies. Starting from the results of a 3-year-long monitoring of a continuously exploited well functioning at constant head (i.e., at a variable discharge rate), a new pumping style has been examined using numerical models. The objective is to control the impact of pumping on the aquifer in accordance with the principle of sustainability. Different models were developed in a transient state and were calibrated using discharge data of the well during the recession periods. Successively, the trends of the residual outflow from the aquifer system with the well operating at variable discharge and at constant discharge were simulated. The results indicate that the ratio of the volume of water pumped from the well to the volume of residual outflow is a significant indicator of the sustainability of groundwater withdrawals. Modeling confirms that a constant discharge rate can be derived from the information gained through a preliminary production phase of a well at constant head. This approach appears to be particularly useful when the problem is determining the sustainable yield of a single well from aquifers with low hydraulic diffusivity.  相似文献