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61.
62.
In the first part of this study, results of a computational fluid dynamics simulation over an array of cubes have been validated
against a set of wind-tunnel measurements. In Part II, such numerical results are used to investigate spatially-averaged properties
of the flow and passive tracer dispersion that are of interest for high resolution urban mesoscale modelling (e.g. non resolved
obstacle approaches). The results show that vertical profiles of mean horizontal wind are linear within the canopy and logarithmic
above. The drag coefficient, derived from the numerical results using the classical formula for the drag force, is height
dependent (it decreases with height). However, a modification of the formula is proposed (accounting for subgrid velocity
scales) that makes the drag coefficient constant with height. Results also show that the dispersive fluxes are similar in
magnitude to the turbulent fluxes, and that they play a very important role within the canopy. Vertical profiles of turbulent
length scales (to be used in k–l closure schemes, where k is the turbulent kinetic energy and l a turbulent length scale) are also derived. Finally the distribution of the values around the mean over the reference volumes
are analysed for wind and tracer concentrations. 相似文献
63.
Jos María Viramonte Raúl Alberto Becchio Jos Germn Viramonte Marcio Martins Pimentel Roberto Donato Martino 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2007,24(2-4):167-183
New field, petrological, geochemical, and geochronological data (U–Pb and Sm–Nd) for Ordovician rock units in the southeastern Puna, NW Argentina, indicate two lithostratigraphic units at the eastern–northeastern border of salar Centenario: (1) a bimodal volcanosedimentary sequence affected by low- to medium-grade metamorphism, comprising metasediments associated with basic and felsic metavolcanic rocks, dated 485 ± 5 Ma, and (2) a plutonic unit composed of syenogranites to quartz-rich leucogranites with U–Pb zircon ages between 462 ± 7 and 475 ± 5 Ma. Felsic metavolcanic and plutonic rocks are peraluminous and show similar geochemical differentiation trends. They also have similar Sm–Nd isotopic compositions (TDM model ages of 1.54–1.78 Ga; εNd(T) values ranging from −3.2 to −7.5) that suggest a common origin and derivation of the original magmas from older (Meso-Paleoproterozoic?) continental crust. Mafic rocks show εNd(T) ranging from +2.3 to +2.5, indicating a depleted mantle source. The data presented here, combined with those in the literature, suggest Ordovician magmatism mainly recycles preexisting crust with minor additions of juvenile mantle-derived material. 相似文献
64.
Graciela Salinas de Salmuni Inés Velasco Mirta Fresina Alberto L. Flores 《GeoJournal》2007,70(4):273-279
Much of the central-western region of Argentina, where San Juan Province is located, experiences arid to semi-arid climatic
conditions with low average annual rainfall accompanied by substantial evapotranspiration. Consequently, a viable crop industry
depends to a large extent upon irrigation from major river systems. Increasing demand for water in the lower basin of the
San Juan River is emphasizing the need for more accurate estimates of water used for irrigation. Since the water demand for
a particular crop is very closely related to crop area, monitoring the area of crop under irrigation is considered a proxy
for the amount of water used. Landsat 5 imagery for the growing season, field data and aerial photographs were used to evaluate
crop area. 相似文献
65.
Summary Iron-formations occur as massive to compositionally layered, Fe oxide-rich, concordant bodies in the Palaeoproterozoic Willyama Supergroup of the Olary Domain, South Australia. They have constitutional similarities to those occurring in the neighbouring Broken Hill Domain. The most abundant iron-formations are in the Quartzofeldspathic Suite and comprise magnetite-quartz assemblages (± hematite, barite, actinolite, apatite). Hematite, magnetite, albite, quartz, Ca(Na) amphibole(s), CaNaFe clinopyroxene and andraditic garnet are major constituents of rare calc-silicate iron-formations in the Bimba and Calcsilicate Suites, whereas magnetite, quartz, almandine-spessartine, manganoan fayalite, manganoan grunerite and apatite form manganiferous iron-formations in the Pelite Suite. The pronounced differences in mineralogy of the three iron-formation types are the result of regional metamorphism of diverse hydrothermal precipitates with variable elastic components, together with the local effects of high-temperature metasomatic alteration. Metasomatic fluids were produced as a result of devolatilisation of the evaporite-bearing volcanosedimentary sequence, during and following amphibolite grade metamorphism and deformation, which led to localised and regional-scale hydrothermal alteration. In places, there was extensive metasomatic reconstitution (veining, brecciation, replacement) of iron-formations and associated rocks, caused by high-temperature (350°–650°C), oxidising, saline fluids. The resulting epigenetic ironstones are dominated by magnetite-hematite-quartz with minor sulfides and display enrichment in Fe, Ti, Cu, Au, Sc, U, V, Y, Zn and HREE relative to parental iron-formations.
Eisenformationen und epigenetische Eisensteine in der Paläoproterozoischen Willyama Supergroup, Olary Domäne, Südaustralien
Zusammenfassung Eisenformationen kommen als massige bis in der Zusammensetzung geschichtete, Eisenoxidreiche, konkordante Körper in der paläoproterozoischen Willyama Supergroup der Olary Domäne, Südaustralien, vor. Sie haben konstitutionelle Ähnlichkeiten mit Vorkommen in der benachbarten Broken Hill Domäne. Die häufigsten Eisenformationen befinden sich in der Quartzofeldspathic Suite and bestehen aus Magnetit und Quarz (± Hämatit, Baryt, Aktinolit, Apatit). Hämatit, Magnetit, Albit, Quarz, Ca(Na) Amphibol(e), CaNaFe Klinopyroxen und andraditischer Granat sind Hauptbestandteile von seltenen Kalksilikat-Eisenformationen in den Bimba und Calcsilicate Suites, während Magnetit, Quartz, Almandin-Spessartin, manganhaltiger Fayalit, manganhaltiger Grunerit und Apatit manganhaltige Eisenformationen in der Pelite Suite bilden. Die ausgeprägten Unterschiede in der Mineralogie der drei Typen von Eisenformationen sind durch Regionalmetamorphose von diversen hydrothermalen Ausfällungen mit variablen klastischen Komponenten verursacht worden, zusammen mit lokalen Wirkungen einer hock-Temperatur metasomatischen Alteration. Metasomatische Fluide wurden während und nach der Amphibolitmetamorphose und Deformation durch Devolatilisation der evaporithaltigen vulkanosedimentären Abfolge produziert, die sowohl zu lokaler, wie auch zu weiträumiger hydrothermaler Alteration führten. Örtlich kam es zu umfangreicher metasomatischer Rekonstitution (Gangbildung, Brekkzierung, Verdrängung) von Eisenformationen und assoziierten Gesteinen verursacht durch hoch-Temperatur (350°–650°C), oxidierte, saline Fluide. Die resultierenden epigenetischen Eisensteine bestehen hauptsächlich aus Magnetit, Hämatit, und Quarz mit Sulfiden und weisen eine Anreicherung in Fe, Ti, Cu, Au, Sc, U, V, Y, Zu und SREE relativ gegenüber den ursprünglichen Eisenformationen auf.相似文献
66.
Alberto Berretti 《Planetary and Space Science》1998,46(11-12)
We review some results about the analytic structure of Lindstedt series for some complex analytic dynamical systems: in particular, we consider Hamiltonian maps (like the standard map and its generalizations), the semi-standard map and Siegel's problem of the linearization of germs of holomorphic diffeomorphisms of (
,0). The analytic structure of those series can be studied numerically using Padé approximants, and one can show the existence of natural boundaries for real, diophantine values of the rotation number; by complexifying the rotation number, we show how these natural boundaries arise from the accumulation of singularities due to resonances, providing a new intuitive insight into the mechanism of the break-down of invariant KAM curves. Moreover, we study the Lindstedt series at resonances, i.e. for rational values of the rotation number, by suitably rescaling to 0 the value of the perturbative parameter, and a simple analytic structure emerges. Finally, we present some proofs for the simplest models and relate these results to renormalization ideas. 相似文献
67.
Ryder Allen Burton Ashley & Storey 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,294(2):338-346
The newly commissioned University of New South Wales Infrared Fabry–Perot (UNSWIRF) has been used to image molecular hydrogen emission at 2.12 and 2.25 μm in the reflection nebula Parsamyan 18. P 18 is known to exhibit low values of the (1–0)/(2–1) S(1) ratio, suggestive of UV-pumped fluorescence rather than thermal excitation by shocks. Our line ratio mapping reveals the full extent of this fluorescent emission from extended arc-like features, as well as a more concentrated thermal component in regions closer to the central exciting star. We show that the emission morphology, line fluxes and gas density are consistent with the predictions of photodissociation region (PDR) theory. Those regions with the highest intrinsic 1–0 S(1) intensities also tend to show the highest (1–0)/(2–1) S(1) line ratios. Furthermore, variations in the line ratio can be attributed to intrinsic fluctuations in the incident radiation field and/or the gas density, through the self-shielding action of H2 . An isolated knot of emission discovered just outside P 18, and having both an unusually high (1–0)/(2–1) S(1) ratio and relative velocity, provides additional evidence for an outflow source associated with P 18. 相似文献
68.
69.
Luciano Sbriz Margarita R. Aquino Natividad M. Alberto de rodriguez Scott W. Fowler Jose L. Sericano 《Marine pollution bulletin》1998,36(12):971-979
Bivalves (Crassostrea rizhophorae, Isognomon alatus, Codakia orbicularis Linné, and Tellina fausta) and sediment samples collected from 12 locations along the Dominican Republic coastline were used to assess the degree of nearshore contamination by selected chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Concentrations of total chlordanes, DDTs and PCBs ranged from 0.51 to 7.47 ng/g, < MDL to 30.9 ng/g and 11.3 to 82.3 ng/g, and from < MDL to 1.73 ng/g, 0.21 to 12.5 ng/g and 0.46 to 41.9 ng/g in bivalves and surface sediments, respectively. The concentration ranges of predominantly anthropogenic Cu, Pb and Zn were 3.08–866 μg/g, 0.08–1.46 μg/g and 22.9–4380 μg/g in bivalve soft parts and 1.01–111 mg/g, 0.420–134 μg/g and 1.96–277 μg/g in surface sediments, respectively. Mercury concentrations ranged from 0.290 to 7.02 μg/g and from 0.096 to 0.565 μg/g in both matrices. The relatively high Hg concentrations found in bivalves from two stations in Bahia Samana, near to a known source of past Hg contamination in the sediments, require a more in-depth survey of the area. In general the concentrations of selected chlorinated hydrocarbons and trace metals, compared with those reported for the same matrices in the Caribbean and west Atlantic coastal areas, show at present the existence of only very localized contamination problems in the Dominican Republic. 相似文献
70.
The paper presents an analysis of 17 long annual maximum series (AMS) of flood flows for Swiss Alpine basins, aimed at checking the presence of changes in the frequency regime of annual maxima. We apply Pettitt's change point test, the nonparametric sign test and Sen's test on trends. We also apply a parametric goodness‐of‐fit test for assessing the suitability of distributions estimated on the basis of annual maxima collected up to a certain year for describing the frequency regime of later observations. For a number of series the tests yield consistent indications for significant changes in the frequency regime of annual maxima and increasing trends in the intensity of annual maximum discharges. In most cases, these changes cannot be explained by anthropogenic causes only (e.g. streamflow regulation, construction of dams). Instead, we observe a statistically significant relationship between the year of change and the elevation of the catchment outlet. This evidence is consistent with the findings of recent studies that explain increasing discharges in alpine catchments with an increase in the temperature controlling the portion of mountain catchments above the freezing point. Finally, we analyse the differences in return periods (RPs) estimated for a given flood flow on the basis of recent and past observations. For a large number of the study AMS, we observe that, on average, the 100‐year flood for past observations corresponds to a RP of approximately 10 to 30 years on the basis of more recent observation. From a complementary perspective, we also notice that estimated RP‐year flood (i.e. flood quantile (FQ) associated with RP) increases on average by approximately 20% for the study area, irrespectively of the RP. Practical implications of the observed changes are illustrated and discussed in the paper. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献