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51.
52.
Wave-height distributions and nonlinear effects 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Theoretical distributions proposed for describing the crest-to-trough heights of linear waves are reviewed briefly. To explore the effects of nonlinearities, these are generalized to second-order waves, utilizing quasi-deterministic results on the expected shape of large waves. The efficacy of Gram–Charlier models in describing the effects of third-order nonlinearities on the distributions of wave heights, crests and troughs are examined in detail. All models and a fifth-order Stokes–Rayleigh type model recently proposed are compared with linear and nonlinear waves simulated from the JONSWAP spectrum representative of long-crested extreme seas, and also with oceanic data gathered in the North Sea. Uncertainties arising from the variability of probability estimates derived from sample populations of limited size are considered. Ultimately, the comparisons show that nonlinearities do not have any discernable effect on the crest-to-trough heights of oceanic waves. Most of the linear models considered yield similar and reasonable predictions of the observed data trends. Gram–Charlier type distributions seem neither effective nor particularly useful in describing the statistics of large wave heights or crests under oceanic conditions. However, they do surprisingly well in predicting unusually large wave heights and crests observed in some 2D wave-flume experiments and 3D numerical simulations of long-crested narrow-band random waves. 相似文献
53.
Natural Hazards - Diversified topography and uneven distribution of both temperature and precipitation contribute to formation of suitable synoptic conditions for incidents of dust storm (DS). This... 相似文献
54.
The development of the rainfall occurrence model is greatly important not only for data-generation purposes, but also in providing informative resources for future advancements in water-related sectors, such as water resource management and the hydrological and agricultural sectors. Various kinds of probability models had been introduced to a sequence of dry (wet) days by previous researchers in the field. Based on the probability models developed previously, the present study is aimed to propose three types of mixture distributions, namely, the mixture of two log series distributions (LSD), the mixture of the log series Poisson distribution (MLPD), and the mixture of the log series and geometric distributions (MLGD), as the alternative probability models to describe the distribution of dry (wet) spells in daily rainfall events. In order to test the performance of the proposed new models with the other nine existing probability models, 54 data sets which had been published by several authors were reanalyzed in this study. Also, the new data sets of daily observations from the six selected rainfall stations in Peninsular Malaysia for the period 1975–2004 were used. In determining the best fitting distribution to describe the observed distribution of dry (wet) spells, a Chi-square goodness-of-fit test was considered. The results revealed that the new method proposed that MLGD and MLPD showed a better fit as more than half of the data sets successfully fitted the distribution of dry and wet spells. However, the existing models, such as the truncated negative binomial and the modified LSD, were also among the successful probability models to represent the sequence of dry (wet) days in daily rainfall occurrence. 相似文献
55.
Yann Le Drézen Laurent Lespez Michel Rasse Aline Garnier Sylvie Coutard Eric Huysecom Aziz Ballouche 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2010,342(3):244-252
Research conducted in the Yamé Valley (Dogon Country, Mali) provides valuable information about the river systems and their Holocene evolution in Sudano-Sahelian West Africa. Past research in the region has relied primarily on marine and lacustrine records. The new results confirm correlation between palaeoclimatic fluctuations recorded in both the river system and in tropical African lakes. They offer a new continental milestone for understanding of the environmental repercussions of Holocene monsoon oscillations. These studies demonstrate the value of river systems as a palaeoenvironmental record and the role of palaeoclimatic and anthropogenic factors in the Holocene dynamics of Sudano-Sahelian hydrosystems. 相似文献
56.
57.
An approach based on the behaviour of human genome is developed to efficiently provide a general framework for optimizing
the use of space technology in surveying networks design. The developed approach attempts to apply the successful self-organizing
principles based upon the biological evolution to artificial intelligence. It mimics the phenomena of natural selection observed
in nature to achieve its goals by continuously adopting a population of candidate solutions and improving its performance
over successive generations. The goal of adaptation is to find the best solution that optimizes the design of a surveying
network based on the use of satellite observations. This network can be defined as a set of stations, co-ordinated by a series
of sessions formed by placing receivers on the stations. The problem is to search for the best order for observing these sessions
to give the best observation schedule at minimum cost. The obtained results prove the effectiveness of the developed technique
in term of solution quality and computational efforts.
The Corresponding Author in formed me that his address is likely to change soon. Please contact me, leick@spatial.maine.edu
for the latest on this change. 相似文献
58.
A Galerkin Finite Element formulation for the dynamic stability analysis of liquid-filled shells is given in this paper. The coupling among the axial and circumferential modes is investigated. The dynamic stability characteristics of two liquid-filled storage tanks subjected to vertical, horizontal and rocking seismic excitations are presented. It is shown that a tall tank tends to buckle at distinct frequencies; and for cos θ-type ground excitation, cos 2θ, cos 3θ and cos 4θ are the dominant modes of failure. On the other hand, in a broad tank, buckling regions overlap each other. In particular, for cos θ-type ground excitation, the dominant buckling modes are cos 6θ to cos 9θ, and also cos 12θ to cos 14θ. 相似文献
59.
卫星遥感影像在国民经济建设诸多行业中的应用日益广泛,这种广泛性使得行业对卫星遥感数据提出了不同的要求。本文主要从空间分辨率、时间分辨率、光谱分辨率和影像质量等方面对其进行阐述。 相似文献
60.
Stochastic modelling of seasonal and yearly rainfalls with low-frequency variability 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jing Lin?NgEmail author Samsuzana?Abd Aziz Yuk Feng?Huang Aimrun?Wayayok M.?K.?Rowshon 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2017,31(9):2215-2233
Stochastic rainfall models are important for many hydrological applications due to their appealing ability to simulate synthetic series that resemble the statistical characteristics of the observed series for a location of interest. However, an important limitation of stochastic rainfall models is their inability to preserve the low-frequency variability of rainfall. Accordingly, this study presents a simple yet efficient stochastic rainfall model for a tropical area that attempts to incorporate seasonal and inter-annual variabilities in simulations. The performance of the proposed stochastic rainfall model, the tropical climate rainfall generator (TCRG), was compared with a stochastic multivariable weather generator (MV-WG) in various aspects. Both models were applied on 17 rainfall stations at the Kelantan River Basin, Malaysia, with tropical climate. The validations were carried out on seasonal (monsoon and inter-monsoon) and annual basis. The third-order Markov chain of the TCRG was found to perform better in simulating the rainfall occurrence and preserving the low-frequency variability of the wet spells. The log-normal distribution of the TCRG was consistently better in modelling the rainfall amounts. Both models tend to underestimate the skewness and kurtosis coefficient of the rainfall. The spectral correction approach adopted in the TCRG successfully preserved the seasonal and inter-annual variabilities of rainfall amounts, whereas the MV-WG tends to underestimate the variability bias of rainfall amounts. Overall, the TCRG performed reasonably well in the Kelantan River Basin, as it can represent the key statistics of rainfall occurrence and amounts successfully, as well as the low-frequency variability. 相似文献