Progress in physical geography,Volume 1, Numbers 1 and 2, Edited by B. W. Atkinson,R. J. Chorley,D. R. Stoddard,C. Board,P. Haggett and D. Lowenthal,London, Edward Arnold, 1977. No. of pages: iv and 373     

Barbara A. Kennedy 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1978,3(4):431-432

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After horton     

Barbara A. Kennedy 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1978,3(3):219-231

The divergent and yet related problems of post-Hortonian studies of drainage density and channel network geometry are viewed against the difficulties of defining first-order channels and basins. It is proposed that the junction of an unbranched perennial (or blue-line) channel with another perennial channel be taken as the starting point for definitions and that the entire contour-crenulation network tributary to that point be considered the first-order stream. It is shown that the concept of network diameter may be used to describe the networks so delimited and that it appears to provide a useful starting point for interregional comparisons. Finally, an analysis of Blyth and Rodda's (1973) data on channel lengths and discharge indicates that network diameter may be as closely related to discharge as is channel length itself.  相似文献   

Preliminary studies of food habits of juvenile fish,China Poot Marsh and Potter Marsh,Alaska, 1978     

Edward G. Wolf  Barbara Morson  Kenneth W. Fucik 《Estuaries and Coasts》1983,6(2):102-114

During the year 1978, juvenile salmonids were collected from coastal streams running through China Poot Marsh and the stomach contents analyzed. Stomach contents of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus) from China Poot and of threespine stickleback from Potter Marsh were also analyzed; these two species were generally caught in tidal pools on the marshes. The juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) had the most varied diet; 37 different prey items were identified in the stomachs. By comparison, 25, 26, and 33 prey taxa were identified in the stomach contents of Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma), threespine stickleback, and staghorn sculpin, respectively. Amphipods were the dominant prey of all fish collected from China Poot Marsh; chironomidae larvae were the most common item in the stomach contents of threespine stickleback from Potter Marsh. The diets of all species changed over the course of the study period; the change was most dramatic for juvenile salmonids and sculpins.  相似文献   

Effect of iron type on kinetics and carbon isotopic enrichment of chlorinated ethylenes during abiotic reduction on Fe(0)     

VanStone NA  Focht RM  Mabury SA  Lollar BS 《Ground water》2004,42(2):268-276

Four samples of two commercially available iron brands used as substrate for iron permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) were tested for suitability for remediation of perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-dichloroethylene (cDCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). Kinetic studies indicate that rates of reaction are enhanced for cDCE and VC on Connelly iron (2.8 x 10(-4) to 6.9 x 10(-4) L/m2/hr and 2.0 x 10(-4) to 9.0 x 10(-4) L/m2/hr, for cDCE and VC, respectively) vs. Peerless iron (3.1 x 10(-5) to 4.6 x 10(-5) L/m2/hr and 2.4 x 10(-5) to 4.1 x 10(-5) L/m2/hr, for cDCE and VC, respectively). Carbon isotopic analyses of the residual chlorinated ethylene (CE) during degradation indicate significant fractionation occurs during reductive dechlorination, with, for example, up to 70% enrichment in carbon isotopic values observed when VC is more than 99% degraded. Comparison of fractionation factors (epsilon) indicates significant differences in carbon isotopic fractionation for different iron types and for different CEs. For the lower CEs (cDCE and VC) in particular, both slower reaction rates and larger fractionation are observed for degradation on Peerless vs. Connelly iron. This is the first study to establish a correlation between the rate of abiotic degradation on Fe(0) and the extent of isotopic fractionation, and the first to confirm consistent differences in these two parameters as a function of iron type. The possibility that these differences in kinetics and carbon isotopic fractionation for cDCE and VC are related to differences in branching ratios between competing hydrogenolysis and beta-elimination reactions during reductive dechlorination on the iron surfaces is discussed.  相似文献   

Provenance of Oligocene synorogenic sediments of the Ligurian Alps (NW Italy): inferences on belt age and cooling history     

Chiara?Barbieri  Barbara?Carrapa  Andrea?Di GiulioEmail author  Jan?Wijbrans  Glen?R.?Murrell 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2003,92(5):758-778

Mineral chemistry, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar geochronology on white micas and Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology (AFTT), are applied here to study the provenance of the synorogenic Molare Formation (lowermost unit of the Tertiary Piedmont Basin clastic sequence). The Molare Formation was deposited during transgression onto the Ligurian Alps nappe stack in the Early Oligocene. Depositional facies show that clastic distribution remained transversal, with local sources located just landward from the coastline. Phengite mineral chemistry together with ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar data clearly shows two distinctive source areas, each one mirroring the composition of the basement directly beneath the clastic sequence. Amphibole mineral chemistry allows second order provenance distinctions within each sector, reflecting heterogeneous metamorphic evolution of the bedrock complexes. Integrated ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar dating and AFTT suggest that, following a fast cooling/exhumation episode of the Ligurian Alps during the Oligocene, very little net uplift has since occurred. This is due to a period of general subsidence from the Oligocene–Late Miocene followed by comparable uplift from Late Miocene–Pliocene to the present. In general our data provide an image of the Ligurian Alps during the Oligocene, which is very similar to the present-day one.This revised version was published online in September 2003.  相似文献   

Ecological condition of US Mid-Atlantic estuaries, 1997-1998     

Kiddon JA  Paul JF  Buffum HW  Strobel CS  Hale SS  Cobb D  Brown BS 《Marine pollution bulletin》2003,46(10):1224-1244

The Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment (MAIA-Estuaries) evaluated ecological conditions in US Mid-Atlantic estuaries during the summers of 1997 and 1998. Over 800 probability-based stations were monitored in four main estuarine systems--Chesapeake Bay, the Delaware Estuary, Maryland and Virginian coastal bays, and the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System. Twelve smaller estuaries within the four main systems were also assessed to establish variance at the local scale. A subset of the MAIA-Estuaries data is used here to estimate the extent of eutrophication, sediment contamination, and benthic degradation in mid-Atlantic estuaries. An Environmental Report Card and Index of Environmental Integrity summarize conditions in individual estuaries, the four estuarine systems, and the entire MAIA region. Roughly 20-50% of the region showed signs of eutrophication (high nutrients, excessive production of organic matter, poor water clarity, or depleted dissolved oxygen), 30% had contaminated sediments, and 37% had degraded benthic communities. Compared with the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP)-Virginian Province study in 1990-1993, larger fractions of Chesapeake Bay (17%) and Delaware River (32%) had increased metals or organics in sediments.  相似文献   

Aquatic Sciences – Research Across Boundaries is an online first journal!     

Barbara Sulzberger 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2005,67(1):i-i

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Time constraints for Mesoproterozoic upper amphibolite facies metamorphism in NW Namibia: a multi-isotopic approach     

Barbara Seth  Richard A. Armstrong  Annett Büttner  Igor M. Villa   《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2005,230(3-4):355-378

This study presents the chronological evolution of the upper amphibolite facies Orue Unit in NW Namibia. Metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks of the Orue Unit were investigated using the Pb–Pb stepwise leaching technique on garnet and rutile, U–Pb multi-grain analysis on rutile, Sm–Nd–Lu–Hf leaching technique on garnet, SHRIMP analysis on zircon and Ar–Ar dating on amphibole. Each of these techniques pertains to different processes that occurred before, during, or after the metamorphic peak. Our age data can be integrated with petrological constraints to provide a more complete understanding of the metamorphic cycle. Our pre-peak metamorphic zircon ages, peak metamorphic garnet ages and peak to late peak metamorphic amphibole ³⁹Ar–⁴⁰Ar ages bracket the upper amphibolite facies metamorphic event including hydration or dehydration processes into a time span of only ca. 20 Ma. The age data obtained by peak metamorphic mineral analyses cluster around 1340–1320 Ma. Based on age data and field observation, we interpret the upper amphibolite facies metamorphism as a large-scale regional mid-crustal event. Spot analyses of inherited zircon cores obtained by SHRIMP reflect the sedimentary origin of the respective rocks of the Orue Unit and derivation from Palaeoproterozoic protoliths. The metamorphic rocks south of the anorthositic Kunene Intrusive Complex (KIC) have previously been ascribed to the Palaeoproterozoic Epupa Complex at the SW margin of the Congo craton and were thus thought to be older than the Mesoproterozoic KIC. Our data show that the high-grade metamorphic overprint took place 30–50 Ma after emplacement of the KIC. Rutile growth ages of 1248 Ma in one sample reflect fluid activity which seems to be a local phenomenon since there is no other evidence of geological activity throughout the Orue Unit at that time. The rutile ages predate the emplacement of satellite intrusions in that area by 30 Ma and there is no causal relation between these two events.  相似文献   

Benthic diatoms of an Alpine stream/lake network in Switzerland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Christopher T. Robinson  Barbara Kawecka 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》2005,67(4):492-506

We compared the benthic diatom composition of lakes, and lake inlet and outlet streams in a high elevation catchment (∼2600 m a.s.l.) in the Swiss Alps. The catchment consisted of a southern basin mostly fed by glacial-melt water and a northern basin fed by snowmelt and groundwater. Streams in both basins flowed through a series of small lakes before converging into a lake with a primary outlet channel. The south basin had on average 4°C cooler water temperatures and 2× higher nitrate-N levels (up to 300 μg/L) than the north basin. In contrast, the north basin had higher levels (2–4×) of particulate-P, particulate-N, and particulate organic matter than the south basin. A total of 109 and 143 diatom species was identified in lakes and streams, respectively, with a similar number of species found in each basin. Aulacoseira alpigena and Achnanthidium minutissimum were common benthic algae in north basin lakes, whereas Achnanthes subatomoides, Achnanthes marginulata, Pinnularia microstauron, and Psammothidium helveticum were most common in south basin lakes. One disconnected lake in the north basin had an assemblage dominated by Tabellaria flocculosa (66%) and Eunotia tenella (14%). Principal components analysis showed a clear separation between the north and south basins in lotic diatoms. Of the 10 most common species, streams in the south basin had greater abundances of Psammothidium helveticum, Achnanthes helvetica var. minor, Achnanthes marginulata, Achnanthes subatomoides, and Diatoma mesodon than the north basin, whereas north basin streams had higher abundances of Achnanthidium minutissimum, Aulacoseira alpigena, and Luticola goeppertiana. Lake outlet assemblages were similar to respective downstream lake inlet assemblages, and assemblages changed in composition along each basins longitudinal flow path. However, Aulacoseira alpigena had higher average abundances in north basin outlets than inlets, and Achnanthidium minutissimum, Psammothidium helveticum, and Achnanthes helvetica var. minor had higher average abundances in south basin outlets than inlets. In contrast, Diatoma mesodon, Fragilaria capucina, and Gomphonema parvulum had higher average abundances in south basin inlets than outlets. The spatial patterns in species composition reflected the hierarchical interaction of landscape features (geology, hydrology) on longitudinal gradients (lake position) in the stream/lake network.  相似文献   

Wal-Mart and Aldi: Two Retail Giants in Germany     

Ulrike Gerhard  Barbara Hahn 《GeoJournal》2005,62(1):15-26

Wal-Mart entered the German market at the end of 1997 but is still running at a loss in its 92 stores. This article tests the hypothesis that there are two main reasons for Wal-Mart’s problems in Germany. First of all, Wal-Mart is competing against very strong and well established deep discounters, especially Aldi. Secondly, there is the difference between the so-called Wal-Mart culture and German customer values. So far, Wal-Mart has not managed to close this gap or create a positive image in Germany. The first part of the article describes the differences between the two retail companies Wal-Mart and Aldi, whereas the second part focuses on the consumer perspective. Four hundred people were interviewed on the phone about their shopping behaviour in the city of Würzburg (northern Bavaria, 140,000 inhabitants). This survey is part of an international study also undertaken in Canada, Great Britain and China.  相似文献