Modelling rainfall partitioning with sparse Gash and Rutter models in a downy oak stand in leafed and leafless periods     

A. Mużyło  F. Valente  F. Domingo  P. Llorens 《水文研究》2012,26(21):3161-3173

Application of models for estimating rainfall partitioning in deciduous forests may be considered time consuming and laborious given the need for two different parameter sets to describe leafed and leafless periods. This paper reports how rainfall partitioning modelling was done for a downy oak forest plot (Eastern Pyrenees Mountains, NE Spain) using sparse Rutter and Gash interception loss models and their suitability for such studies. Moreover, variability in model sensitivity is evaluated, and an attempt to simplify their application is also presented. The estimation error for interception loss in the leafed period was ?26.3% and ?4.2% with the Rutter model and the Gash model applied with Penman–Monteith‐based evaporation rate, respectively. The estimate for the leafless period was less accurate in both models, suggesting that modelling in the leafless period is more susceptible to error. Nevertheless, with the Gash model, the result was well below the expected measurement error. Models proved to be highly sensitive to change in canopy cover in all periods tested. The Rutter model was especially sensitive to zero plane displacement changes in the leafed period, while the Gash model showed high linear sensitivity to evaporation rate. In addition, a decrease in rainfall rate affects the estimation of interception loss more than an increase in it. Regardless of its high sensitivity to these parameters, the Gash model yielded a good estimate of rainfall partitioning for the total period, when only one set of parameters was used, although event‐based error compensation occurred, and some periods were over or underestimated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Dynamics of carbon dioxide concentration in indoor air   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Andrzej Szczurek  Monika Maciejewska  Rafał Połoczański  Marek Teuerle  Agnieszka Wyłomańska 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2015,29(8):2193-2199

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Surface sediments pollution due to shipwreck s/s “Stuttgart”: a multidisciplinary approach     

Justyna Rogowska  Błażej Kudłak  Stefan Tsakovski  Agnieszka Gałuszka  Gabriela Bajger-Nowak  Vasil Simeonov  Piotr Konieczka  Lidia Wolska  Jacek Namieśnik 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2015,29(7):1797-1807

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On Mechanistic Explanation of the Shape of the Universal Curve of Earthquake Recurrence Time Distributions     

Mariusz BiałEcki 《Acta Geophysica》2015,63(5):1205-1215

This paper outlines an idea for an explanation of a mechanism underlying the shape of the universal curve of the Earthquake Recurrence Time Distributions. The proposed simple stochastic cellular automaton model is reproducing the gamma distribution fit with the proper value of parameter γ characterizing the Earth’s seismicity and also imitates a deviation from the fit at short interevent times, as observed in real data.Thus the model suggests an explanation of the universal pattern of rescaled Earthquake Recurrence Time Distributions in terms of combinatorial rules for accumulation and abrupt release of seismic energy.  相似文献   

Clustering of mining-induced seismic events in equivalent dimension spaces     

Grzegorz Lizurek  Stanisław Lasocki 《Journal of Seismology》2014,18(3):543-563

High energy release during seismic events induced by mining operation is one of the major dangers perturbing production in underground mines. In this work, temporal changes of seismic event parameters for one of the Rudna Mine (Poland) panels are investigated. The study aim was to find whether the temporal clustering of smaller events in different parameters can be observed before and after the high energy events (M_l?≥?3) in the mining panel. The method chosen for analysis was the study of temporal variation of fractal dimension of the seismic events parameter sets composed from: the interevent epicentral distance (dr), logarithm of seismic energy (lE), and interevent energy coefficient (dlE), which is the absolute difference between logarithms of energy of two consecutive events. Temporal variations study was performed in equivalent dimension (ED) space. The transformation of the seismic source parameters into ED space allowed to estimate and compare the temporal changes of the fractal dimension of different parameter spaces using the same method—correlation fractal dimension, and then easily compare the obtained temporal changes of fractal dimension of different parameter sets. The effect of grouping is expressed by decrease of fractal dimension, which is connected with the similarity of events parameter values. The temporal changes of the fractal dimension of seismicity before the strong induced events would indicate some initiation phase of the process leading to the high energy release. In the case of the studied Rudna Mine panel, the temporal behavior of the fractal dimension values in different parameter spaces before seismic events showed significant changes before three out of four events with CLVD dominant source mechanisms.  相似文献   

The Relationships Between BTEX,NOx, and O3 Concentrations in Urban Air in Gdansk and Gdynia,Poland          下载免费PDF全文

Mariusz Marć  Bożena Zabiegała  Vasil Simeonov  Jacek Namieśnik 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2014,42(10):1326-1336

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Studies of aerosol optical depth with the use of Microtops II sun photometers and MODIS detectors in coastal areas of the Baltic Sea     

Olga Zawadzka  Przemysław Makuch  Krzysztof M. Markowicz  Tymon Zieliński  Tomasz Petelski  Vidmantas Ulevičius  Agata Strzałkowska  Anna Rozwadowska  Dorota Gutowska 《Acta Geophysica》2014,62(2):400-422

In this paper we describe the results of a research campaign dedicated to the studies of aerosol optical properties in different regions of both the open Baltic Sea and its coastal areas. During the campaign we carried out simultaneous measurements of aerosol optical depth at 4 stations with the use of the hand-held Microtops II sun photometers. The studies were complemented with aerosol data provided by the MODIS. In order to obtain the full picture of aerosol situation over the study area, we added to our analyses the air mass back-trajectories at various altitudes as well as wind fields. Such complex information facilitated proper conclusions regarding aerosol optical depth and Ångström exponent for the four locations and discussion of the changes of aerosol properties with distance and with changes of meteorological factors. We also show that the Microtops II sun photometers are reliable instruments for field campaigns. They are easy to operate and provide good quality results.  相似文献   

Modelling the Velocity Field in a Regular Grid in the Area of Poland on the Basis of the Velocities of European Permanent Stations     

Janusz Bogusz  Anna Kłos  Piotr Grzempowski  Bernard Kontny 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(6):809-833

The paper presents the results of testing the various methods of permanent stations’ velocity residua interpolation in a regular grid, which constitutes a continuous model of the velocity field in the territory of Poland. Three packages of software were used in the research from the point of view of interpolation: GMT (The Generic Mapping Tools), Surfer and ArcGIS. The following methods were tested in the softwares: the Nearest Neighbor, Triangulation (TIN), Spline Interpolation, Surface, Inverse Distance to a Power, Minimum Curvature and Kriging. The presented research used the absolute velocities’ values expressed in the ITRF2005 reference frame and the intraplate velocities related to the NUVEL model of over 300 permanent reference stations of the EPN and ASG-EUPOS networks covering the area of Europe. Interpolation for the area of Poland was done using data from the whole area of Europe to make the results at the borders of the interpolation area reliable. As a result of this research, an optimum method of such data interpolation was developed. All the mentioned methods were tested for being local or global, for the possibility to compute errors of the interpolated values, for explicitness and fidelity of the interpolation functions or the smoothing mode. In the authors’ opinion, the best data interpolation method is Kriging with the linear semivariogram model run in the Surfer programme because it allows for the computation of errors in the interpolated values and it is a global method (it distorts the results in the least way). Alternately, it is acceptable to use the Minimum Curvature method. Empirical analysis of the interpolation results obtained by means of the two methods showed that the results are identical. The tests were conducted using the intraplate velocities of the European sites. Statistics in the form of computing the minimum, maximum and mean values of the interpolated North and East components of the velocity residuum were prepared for all the tested methods, and each of the resulting continuous velocity fields was visualized by means of the GMT programme. The interpolated components of the velocities and their residua are presented in the form of tables and bar diagrams.  相似文献   

Distribution of secondary minerals in crusts developed on sandstone exposures          下载免费PDF全文

Zofia Alexandrowicz  Mariola Marszałek  Grzegorz Rzepa 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(3):320-335

Previous research on rock weathering crusts has revealed their large variability depending on the type of host rocks and development of weathering processes. The composition of crusts developed on natural sandstone exposures is less documented in the literature in comparison to those developed on architectonic stones. In both cases, previous research has focused mainly on the progress of salt weathering. This study considers the surfaces of sandstone tors in the Polish Outer Carpathians. The exposed parts of the rocks in this area are often covered by crust, which is up to several centimetres thick, and differs from the internal part in colour and composition. The crusts were characterized using light and electron microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, thermal analyses, Mössbauer spectroscopy, bulk chemical analyses and sequential chemical extractions. Porosity was estimated by digital image processing. The following two hardened zones were observed: (1) thin (up to 30 µm), black, external layer, rich in carbon and composed of opal‐type silica, covered in places by sulphate incrustations and numerous spherical particles of anthropogenic origin; (2) thicker (up to several millimetres), internal part composed of a set of laminae of variable colouration, enriched in iron (oxyhydr)oxides (goethite and hematite) in comparison to the rock interior. Development of the crust results from silicon and iron redistribution during the sandstone alteration. The chief source of silica is hydrolysis of aluminosilicates, whilst that of iron is decomposition of aluminosilicates, carbonates and sulphides. Hematite is probably a result of goethite transformation. However, air pollutants may play an important role in the formation of sulphates. Silica and iron compounds affect the properties of the rock, hardening the surface and lowering porosity by formation of secondary cement. Crystallization of sulphate salts, in turn, may contribute to mechanical disintegration of the rock. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

The influence of meander bend evolution on the formation of multiple cutoffs: findings inferred from floodplain architecture and bend geometry          下载免费PDF全文

Marcin Słowik 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(5):626-641

The evolution of meander bends and formation of cutoffs, including a series of cutoffs developed simultaneously in a number of bends, have been investigated by many researchers. However, relatively little is known about factors that lead to the development of multiple cutoffs that are formed subsequently at one location. The present study aims to determine the influence of meander bend development on multiple chute cutoff formation in a single bend. The research is based on the sedimentary record of meander migration and cutoffs preserved in a lowland river floodplain (the lower Obra River, Poland). Analysis of changes in meander geometry was conducted to describe the influence of their migration on cutoff formation and in other rivers where multiple cutoffs occurred. The results showed that multiple cutoffs in the lower Obra River have occurred during the last 3000 years, owing to the interaction of upstream and downstream controls: migration of meander bends in opposing directions accompanied by an increase of flood frequency and sediment supply. The flow and sediment supply has been further altered since the nineteenth century due to anthropogenic impacts: an artificial cutoff of the downstream bend and elevation of channel levées. Similar mechanisms driving the formation of multiple cutoff have been found in other river courses, despite significantly higher energy of the compared rivers. Moreover, development of a confined‐shape bend (caused by artificial barrier or autogenic bend behaviour) may also favour the formation of multiple cutoffs. However, counter migration of meanders enhanced by increased flood frequency and sediment supply are primary triggers for such events. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献