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311.
Finite‐difference P‐SV simulations of seismic scattering characteristics of faulted coal‐seam models have been undertaken for near‐surface P‐ and S‐wave sources in an attempt to understand the efficiency of body‐wave to channel‐wave mode conversion and how it depends on the elastic parameters of the structure. The synthetic seismograms clearly show the groups of channel waves generated at the fault: one by the downgoing P‐wave and the other by the downgoing S‐wave. These modes travel horizontally in the seam at velocities less than the S‐wavespeed of the rock. A strong Airy phase is generated for the fundamental mode. The velocity contrast between the coal and the host rock is a more important parameter than the density contrast in controlling the amplitude of the channel waves. The optimal coupling from body‐wave energy to channel‐wave energy occurs at a velocity contrast of 1.5. Strong guided waves are produced by the incident S‐sources for source angles of 75° to 90° (close to the near‐side face of the fault). As the fault throw increases, the amplitude of the channel wave also increases. The presence of a lower‐velocity clay layer within the coal‐seam sequence affects the waveguiding characteristics. The displacement amplitude distribution is shifted more towards the lower‐wavespeed layer. The presence of a ‘washout’ zone or a brecciated zone surrounding the fault also results in greater forward scattering and channel‐wave capture by the coal seam. 相似文献
312.
A. Vaivads G. Andersson S. D. Bale C. M. Cully J. De Keyser M. Fujimoto S. Grahn S. Haaland H. Ji Yu. V. Khotyaintsev A. Lazarian B. Lavraud I. R. Mann R. Nakamura T. K. M. Nakamura Y. Narita A. Retinò F. Sahraoui A. Schekochihin S. J. Schwartz I. Shinohara L. Sorriso-Valvo 《Experimental Astronomy》2012,33(2-3):491-527
We describe the mission concept of how ESA can make a major contribution to the Japanese Canadian multi-spacecraft mission SCOPE by adding one cost-effective spacecraft EIDO (Electron and Ion Dynamics Observatory), which has a comprehensive and optimized plasma payload to address the physics of particle acceleration. The combined mission EIDOSCOPE will distinguish amongst and quantify the governing processes of particle acceleration at several important plasma boundaries and their associated boundary layers: collisionless shocks, plasma jet fronts, thin current sheets and turbulent boundary layers. Particle acceleration and associated cross-scale coupling is one of the key outstanding topics to be addressed in the Plasma Universe. The very important science questions that only the combined EIDOSCOPE mission will be able to tackle are: 1) Quantitatively, what are the processes and efficiencies with which both electrons and ions are selectively injected and subsequently accelerated by collisionless shocks? 2) How does small-scale electron and ion acceleration at jet fronts due to kinetic processes couple simultaneously to large scale acceleration due to fluid (MHD) mechanisms? 3) How does multi-scale coupling govern acceleration mechanisms at electron, ion and fluid scales in thin current sheets? 4) How do particle acceleration processes inside turbulent boundary layers depend on turbulence properties at ion/electron scales? EIDO particle instruments are capable of resolving full 3D particle distribution functions in both thermal and suprathermal regimes and at high enough temporal resolution to resolve the relevant scales even in very dynamic plasma processes. The EIDO spin axis is designed to be sun-pointing, allowing EIDO to carry out the most sensitive electric field measurements ever accomplished in the outer magnetosphere. Combined with a nearby SCOPE Far Daughter satellite, EIDO will form a second pair (in addition to SCOPE Mother-Near Daughter) of closely separated satellites that provides the unique capability to measure the 3D electric field with high accuracy and sensitivity. All EIDO instrumentation are state-of-the-art technology with heritage from many recent missions. The EIDOSCOPE orbit will be close to equatorial with apogee 25-30 RE and perigee 8-10 RE. In the course of one year the orbit will cross all the major plasma boundaries in the outer magnetosphere; bow shock, magnetopause and magnetotail current sheets, jet fronts and turbulent boundary layers. EIDO offers excellent cost/benefits for ESA, as for only a fraction of an M-class mission cost ESA can become an integral part of a major multi-agency L-class level mission that addresses outstanding science questions for the benefit of the European science community. 相似文献
313.
314.
P. D. Pant Ritu Chauhan S. S. Bhakuni 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2012,79(5):429-448
Along the North Almora Thrust (NAT) in the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya, a zone of mylonitic rocks has developed due to strain localization during the tectonic emplacement of the Almora Nappe over the Lesser Himalayan Sequence. This zone is referred here as the NAT zone (NATZ) that is dissected by faults, which are transverse to the Himalayan orographic trend and are known as seismically active structures. Trending NNW-SSE these are the Chaukhutiya and Raintoli faults. Two E-W oriented subsidiary brittle faults across the Chaukhutiya Fault are also recognized. Based on the field study and magnetic fabric analysis an attempt has been made to evaluate the deformation and kinematic history of northeastern margin of the Almora Nappe superposed by the Chaukhutiya faulting that coincides with northeastern margin of the NAT. Field study reveals brittle-ductile and brittle regimes of deformation along the Chaukhutiya Fault. Away from the NAT variable attitudes (E-W or ENE-WSW with gentle dip) of field foliation and axial planes of folds are observed, whereas at and near the NAT the attitudes of beds, including curved lithounits, are steeply dipping and are oriented parallel with the NNW-SSE trending NAT. Curvature in fold hinge line and discontinuous occurrence of lithounits are observed along the fault. 相似文献
315.
Vassilis G. Aschonitis Giuseppe Castaldelli Nicolò Colombani Micòl Mastrocicco 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(7):503
The groundwater vulnerability indices are valuable tools for the development of agrochemicals management strategies based on environmental/agricultural policies. The groundwater vulnerability methods of LOS, SINTACS, DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC, GOD and AVI were applied for the agricultural fields of Sarigkiol basin (Northern Greece). The results of the aforementioned methods were examined and discussed in order to show how the dissimilarities in the vulnerability assessment approaches may become an advantage. The results of the methods were used to propose a combined conceptual approach which adds another two dimensions (depth and time) in the current two-dimensional vulnerability mapping (longitude, latitude) procedures. The LOS method provided information about the intrinsic vulnerability of the topsoil (30 cm) to water (+conservative pollutants) and nitrogen losses, and the AVI method described the vulnerability of the unsaturated zone to allow pollutants to reach the aquifer while the aquifer vulnerability was analysed using SINTACS, DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC and GOD. In this study, the results of the SINTACS method were found more accurate to describe the local aquifer conditions. The final conceptual approach provided a stratified vulnerability (dimension of depth) of the overall hydrogeologic system using LOS for the topsoil, AVI for unsaturated zone and SINTACS for the aquifer. The dimension of time was introduced by the LOS and AVI methods, which provide quantitative results in time. The use of LOS method also highlighted the basic limitation of the other methods to describe the potential contribution to pollution of areas (especially upland areas) which are out of the aquifer boundaries. 相似文献
316.
S. Berrone C. Fidelibus S. Pieraccini S. Scialò 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(6):2171-2182
In this paper a numerical method for the simulation of the steady-state fluid flow in discrete fracture networks is described. It is based on the use of non-conforming meshes, enrichment functions and an optimization procedure. The meshing process is performed on each fracture independently of the other fractures, i.e. without geometrical conformity at the intersections (traces). The slope discontinuities due to the flux exchange at the traces are then captured with the enrichment functions of the extended finite elements, and finally a functional is minimized by resorting to an optimization procedure. The method can be easily implemented for parallel computers being based on many small independent problems. In order to show the effectiveness of the method and the quality of the results, simulations of fluid flow in simple networks are illustrated. 相似文献
317.
Marco?Fermi Marco?Gregnanin Marco?MazzolenaEmail author Massimiliano?Chersich Mirko?Reguzzoni Fernando?Sansò 《Experimental Astronomy》2011,32(1):1-18
The importance of an accurate model of the Moon gravity field has been assessed for future navigation missions orbiting and/or
landing on the Moon, in order to use our natural satellite as an intermediate base for next solar system observations and
exploration as well as for lunar resources mapping and exploitation. One of the main scientific goals of MAGIA mission, whose
Phase A study has been recently funded by the Italian Space Agency (ASI), is the mapping of lunar gravitational anomalies,
and in particular those on the hidden side of the Moon, with an accuracy of 1 mGal RMS at lunar surface in the global solution
of the gravitational field up to degree and order 80. MAGIA gravimetric experiment is performed into two phases: the first
one, along which the main satellite shall perform remote sensing of the Moon surface, foresees the use of Precise Orbit Determination
(POD) data available from ground tracking of the main satellite for the determination of the long wavelength components of
gravitational field. Improvement in the accuracy of POD results are expected by the use of ISA, the Italian accelerometer
on board the main satellite. Additional gravitational data from recent missions, like Kaguya/Selene, could be used in order
to enhance the accuracy of such results. In the second phase the medium/short wavelength components of gravitational field
shall be obtained through a low-to-low (GRACE-like) Satellite-to-Satellite Tracking (SST) experiment. POD data shall be acquired
during the whole mission duration, while the SST data shall be available after the remote sensing phase, when the sub-satellite
shall be released from the main one and both satellites shall be left in a free-fall dynamics in the gravity field of the
Moon. SST range-rate data between the two satellites shall be measured through an inter-satellite link with accuracy compliant
with current state of art space qualified technology. SST processing and gravitational anomalies retrieval shall benefit from
a second ISA accelerometer on the sub-satellite in order to decouple lunar gravitational signal from other accelerations.
Experiment performance analysis shows that the stated scientific requirements can be achieved with a low mass and low cost
sub-satellite, with a SST gravimetric mission of just few months. 相似文献
318.
Measurements of the concentration and size distribution of aerosol particles in the size-ranges of 0.5–20 μm and 16–700 nm
diameters were made during six fog episodes over the south Indian Ocean. Observations show that concentrations of particles
of all sizes start decreasing 1–2 hours before the occurrence of fog. This decrease is more prominent for coarse particles
of >1 μm diameter and continues until 10–20 minutes before the onset of fog when particle concentrations in all size ranges
rapidly increase by one/two orders of magnitude in ∼20 minutes. Thereafter, concentrations of particles of all sizes gradually
decrease until the dissipation of fog. After the fog dissipation, concentrations of coarse mode particles rapidly increase
and restore to their pre-fog levels but concentrations of the Aitken mode particles decrease slowly and reach their pre-fog
levels only after 1–2 hours. The net effect of fog is to change the bimodal size distributions of aerosols with a coarse mode
at 1.0 μm and an accumulation mode at 40–60 nm to a power law size distribution. It is proposed that the preferential growth
and sedimentation of the coarse mode hygroscopic particles in the initial phase cause a large decrease in the aerosol surface
area. As a result, the low vapour pressure gases which were initially being used for the growth of coarse mode particles,
now accelerate the growth rates of the accumulation and Aitken mode particles. 相似文献