Sedimentology,sequence stratigraphy and syn-rift model of younger part of Washtawa Formation and early part of Kanthkot Formation,Wagad, Kachchh basin,Gujarat     

Diwakar Mishra  S. K. Biswas 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,73(4):519-527

The 600 m thick prograding sedimentary succession of Wagad ranging in age from Callovian to Early Kimmeridgian has been divided into three formations namely, Washtawa, Kanthkot and Gamdau. Present study is confined to younger part of the Washtawa Formation and early part of the Kanthkot Formation exposed around Kanthkot, Washtawa, Chitrod and Rapar. The depositional architecture and sedimentation processes of these deposits have been studied applying sequence stratigraphic context. Facies studies have led to identification of five upward stacking facies associations (A, B, C, D, and E) which reflect that deposition was controlled by one single transgressive — regressive cycle. The transgressive deposit is characterized by fining and thinning upward succession of facies consisting of two facies associations: (1) Association A: medium — to coarse-grained calcareous sandstone — mudrocks alternations (2) Association B: fine-grained calcareous sandstone — mudrocks alternations. The top of this association marks maximum flooding surface as identified by bioturbational fabrics and abundance of deep marine fauna (ammonites). Association A is interpreted as high energy transgressive deposit deposited during relative sea level rise. Whereas, facies association B indicates its deposition in low energy marine environment deposited during stand-still period with low supply of sediments. Regressive sedimentary package has been divided into three facies associations consisting of: (1) Association C: gypsiferous mudstone-siltstone/fine sandstone (2) Association D: laminated, medium-grained sandstone — siltstone (3) Association E: well laminated (coarse and fine mode) sandstone interbedded with coarse grained sandstone with trough cross stratification. Regressive succession of facies association C, D and E is interpreted as wave dominated shoreface, foreshore to backshore and dune environment respectively. Sequence stratigraphic concepts have been applied to subdivide these deposits into two genetic sequences: (i) the lower carbonate dominated (25 m) transgressive deposits (TST) include facies association A and B and the upper thick (75m) regressive deposits (HST) include facies association C, D and E. The two sequences are separated by maximum flooding surface (MFS) identified by sudden shift in facies association from B to C. The transgressive facies association A and B represent the sediments deposited during the syn-rift climax followed by regressive sediments comprising association C, D and E deposited during late syn-rift stage.  相似文献   

Adaptive use of research aircraft data sets for hurricane forecasts     

M. K. Biswas  T. N. Krishnamurti 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2008,99(1-2):43-64

Summary This study uses an adaptive observational strategy for hurricane forecasting. It shows the impacts of Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment (LASE) and dropsonde data sets from Convection and Moisture Experiment (CAMEX) field campaigns on hurricane track and intensity forecasts. The following cases are used in this study: Bonnie, Danielle and Georges of 1998 and Erin, Gabrielle and Humberto of 2001. A single model run for each storm is carried out using the Florida State University Global Spectral Model (FSUGSM) with the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analysis as initial conditions, in addition to 50 other model runs where the analysis is randomly perturbed for each storm. The centers of maximum variance of the DLM heights are located from the forecast error variance fields at the 84-hr forecast. Back correlations are then performed using the centers of these maximum variances and the fields at the 36-hr forecast. The regions having the highest correlations in the vicinity of the hurricanes are indicative of regions from where the error growth emanates and suggests the need for additional observations. Data sets are next assimilated in those areas that contain high correlations. Forecasts are computed using the new initial conditions for the storm cases, and track and intensity skills are then examined with respect to the control forecast. The adaptive strategy is capable of identifying sensitive areas where additional observations can help in reducing the hurricane track forecast errors. A reduction of position error by approximately 52% for day 3 of forecast (averaged over 7 storm cases) over the control runs is observed. The intensity forecast shows only a slight positive impact due to the model’s coarse resolution. Corresponding author’s address: T. N. Krishnamurti, Department of Meteorology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4520, USA  相似文献   

Groundwater chemistry and redox processes: Depth dependent arsenic release mechanism     

Ashis Biswas  Santanu MajumderHarald Neidhardt  Dipti Halder  Subhamoy BhowmickAishwarya Mukherjee-Goswami  Amit KunduDebasree Saha  Zsolt BernerDebashis Chatterjee 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(4):516-525

Patchy occurrences of elevated As are often encountered in groundwater from the shallow aquifers (<50 m) of the Bengal Delta Plain (BDP). A clear understanding of various biogeochemical processes, responsible for As mobilization, is very important to explain this patchy occurrence and thus to mitigate the problem. The present study deals with the periodical monitoring of groundwater quality of five nested piezometeric wells between December 2008 and July 2009 to investigate the temporal changes in groundwater chemistry vis-a-vis the prevalent redox processes in the aquifer. Geochemical modeling has been carried out to identify key phases present in groundwater. A correlation study among different aqueous redox parameters has also been performed to evaluate prevailing redox processes in the aquifer. The long term monitoring of hydrochemical parameters in the multilevel wells together with hydrogeochemical equilibrium modeling has shown more subtle differences in the geochemical environment of the aquifer, which control the occurrence of high dissolved As in BDP groundwater. The groundwater is generally of Ca-HCO₃ type. The dissolved As concentration in groundwater exceeded both WHO and National drinking water standard (Bureau of Indian Standards; BIS, 10 μg L⁻¹) throughout the sampling period. The speciation of As and Fe indicate persistent reducing conditions within the aquifer [As(III): 87-97% of As_T and Fe(II): 76-96% of Fe_T]. The concentration of major aqueous solutes is relatively high in the shallow aquifer (wells A and B) and gradually decreases with increasing depth in most cases. The calculation of SI indicates that groundwater in the shallow aquifer is also relatively more saturated with carbonate minerals. This suggests that carbonate mineral dissolution is possibly influencing the groundwater chemistry and thereby controlling the mobilization of As in the monitored shallow aquifer. Hydrogeochemical investigation further suggests that Fe and/or Mn oxyhydroxide reduction is the principal process of As release in groundwater from deeper screened piezometric wells. The positive correlations of U and V with As, Fe and Mn indicate redox processes responsible for mobilization of As in the deeper screened piezometric wells are possibly microbially mediated. Thus, the study advocates that mobilization of As is depth dependent and concentrations of As in groundwater depends on single/combined release mechanisms.  相似文献   

Estimation of crustal discontinuities from reflected seismic waves recorded at Shillong and Mikir Hills Plateau,Northeast India     

Saurabh Baruah  Dipok K. Bora  Rajib Biswas 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2011,100(6):1283-1292

In this study, an attempt is made to determine seismic velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the Shillong-Mikir Hills Plateau in northeast India region. The principle of the technique is to relate seismic travel times with crustal thickness above the Conrad and Moho discontinuities. Broadband digital waveforms of the local earthquakes make a precise detection of the seismic phases possible that are reflected at these discontinuities. The results show that the Conrad discontinuity is at 18–20 (±0.5) km beneath the Shillong-Mikir Hills Plateau and the Moho discontinuity is at 30 ± 1.0 km beneath the Shillong Plateau and at 35 ± 1.0 km beneath the Mikir Hills.  相似文献   

Resolution of multiple sheet-type structures in self-potential measurement     

Arkoprovo Biswas  Shashi Prakash Sharma 《Journal of Earth System Science》2014,123(4):809-825

The resolution of self-potential anomalies due to closely spaced multiple sheet-like bodies by the potential difference and potential gradient is studied in this paper. Self-potential anomalies due to several synthetic models were inverted through a very fast simulated annealing (VFSA) global optimization. Increase in depth to the top, polarization constant and depth extent of the body decreases resolution at a particular target separation. It has been observed that depth to the top and separation between two targets play an important role in the resolution. Vertical sheets at equal depth can be resolved in the potential difference measurement only if they are separated by at least four times their depth, while they can be resolved in the gradient method, if they are separated by twice the depth. Resolution using potential difference becomes more difficult for dipping sheets, although the potential gradient method can resolve them efficiently. Efficacy of potential gradient data in the inversion is demonstrated in the study using synthetic data as well as field measurement from South Purulia Shear Zone related with uranium investigation.  相似文献   

Can very low frequency electromagnetic survey detect graphite deposits in the subsurface? Initial results from Daltanganj,Jharkhand     

Arkoprovo Biswas  Shashi Prakash Sharma 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2015,86(5):530-534

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Solution of the equation of transfer with Rayleigh's phase function in a thin atmosphere     

S. Karanjai  L. Biswas 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1992,192(1):151-156

The equation of radiative transfer with scattering according to Rayleigh's phase function has been solved in a thin atmosphere by use of a modification of the spherical-harmonic method suggested by Wanet al. (1986).  相似文献   

Distinguishing Developing Versus Non-Developing African Easterly Waves Using Adaptive Observational Strategies     

Mrinal K. Biswas  T. N. Krishnamurti 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(4):356-377

The impacts of dust loaded, Saharan Air Layer (SAL) during the life cycle of African Easterly Waves (AEWs) is a many-faceted scientific problem. It entails possible radiative effects of dust aerosols, impacts of dust on cloud physics, and the cloud nuclei of condensation, advective effects, that is, intrusions of dry dusty air versus humid air into the interior of storms. This paper addresses several such AEWs of the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where we have made use of special aircraft reconnaissance data sets that include wind and humidity profiles in the vertical. Using what are called adaptive observational strategies within a mesoscale model, we show the impacts of adding such observations in the analysis and in short-range forecasts of several AEWs. We do not have the direct and indirect effects of aerosols, but we do include the advective component. Our results show that the inclusion of humidity profiling distinguishes between developing versus nondeveloping AEWs from the use of these additional data sets via the adaptive observational strategies.  相似文献   

Subcrop Gondwana of Bengal basin and their reservoir characteristics     

B. Banerjee  I. A. Marak  A. K. Biswas 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2013,81(6):741-754

In Bengal basin the subcrop Gondwana sediments occur in N-S trending elongated grabens originated largely by the graben forming tectonisms of the Gondwanaland which overlie the crystalline basement in the sub-surface in an intra-cratonic setup. So far five wells in shelf part of Bengal Basin have penetrated Gondwana sediments, out of which three wells i.e.,G1, G3 and G2 have been drilled up to Precambrian basement. In subcrop Gondwana graben, glacial to glacio-fluvial Talchir Formation of Early Permian age was deposited above the basement. Early Permian Barakar Formation overlies Talchir Formaion. Flood basin model of deposition is postulated for this coal rich unit. In the absence of Barren Measure Formation, coal bearing Raniganj Formation overlies Barakar Formation. The fluvial set up changed over to arid environment during deposition of Panchet/Supra Panchet Formation (undifferentiated). The deposition of Panchet Formation is followed by eruption of doleritic rocks in both subcrop and outcrop Bengal Gondwana whereas lamprophyres are absent in subcrop of Bengal Gondwana. Rifting as well as pull-apart basin model due to transtensional movement is postulated for Gondwana basins. Detailed lithostratigraphic analysis of the core / cutting samples of the Gondwana sediments reveal that the sediments are mainly fine to coarse grained, poorly sorted sandstone. These sediments are characterized as poor reservoir and needs some treatment for permeability enhancement for hydrocarbon production.  相似文献   

An approach to an integrated micro-watershed management plan of outer Himalayan range of Himachal Pradesh, India     

P. K. Sikdar  Surajit Chakraborty  Paulami Sahu  Tulika Biswas 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,68(6):1673-1690

Due to the ever-increasing demand on water resource, the pressure on its judicious utilization is also increasing. Besides being precious, this resource is also complex to manage on account of its dynamic behaviour. In India emphasis is being placed on making the local-level users participate in the management of natural resources at the watershed level. Therefore, it is imperative that local-level organizations be strengthened by providing the integrated watershed management tools which are user-friendly, but still use all the scientific knowledge to arrive at the appropriate decisions. This paper demonstrates the use of GIS-based overlay method for local-level planning, incorporating the sustainability aspects of watershed development. A case study has been taken in the Lower Bhangal Micro-watershed of the outer Himalayan range to demonstrate the approach of matrix/ranking and overlay methods to delineate priority areas for watershed management plan.  相似文献